Abstract
We investigate multi-spacecraft observations of the 17 January 2010 solar energetic particle event. Energetic electrons and protons have been observed over a remarkable large longitudinal range at the two STEREO spacecraft and SOHO, suggesting a longitudinal spread of nearly 360 degrees at 1 AU. The flaring active region, which was on the backside of the Sun as seen from Earth, was separated by more than 100 degrees in longitude from the magnetic footpoints of each of the three spacecraft. The event is characterized by strongly delayed energetic particle onsets with respect to the flare and only small or no anisotropies in the intensity measurements at all three locations. The presence of a coronal shock is evidenced by the observation of a type II radio burst from the Earth and STEREO-B. In order to describe the observations in terms of particle transport in the interplanetary medium, including perpendicular diffusion, a 1D model describing the propagation along a magnetic field line (model 1) (Dröge, Astrophys. J. 589, 1027 – 1039, 2003) and the 3D propagation model (model 2) by Dröge et al. (Astrophys. J. 709, 912 – 919, 2010) including perpendicular diffusion in the interplanetary medium have been applied. While both models are capable of reproducing the observations, model 1 requires injection functions at the Sun of several hours. Model 2, which includes lateral transport in the solar wind, reveals high values for the ratio of perpendicular to parallel diffusion. Because we do not find evidence for unusual long injection functions at the Sun, we favor a scenario with strong perpendicular transport in the interplanetary medium as an explanation for the observations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acuña, M.H., Curtis, D., Scheifele, J.L., Russell, C.T., Schroeder, P., Szabo, A., Luhmann, J.G.: 2007, The STEREO/IMPACT magnetic field experiment. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 203 – 226. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9259-2 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..203A .
Borovsky, J.E.: 2008, Flux tube texture of the solar wind: Strands of the magnetic carpet at 1 AU? J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08110. doi: 10.1029/2007JA012684 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRA..11308110B .
Bougeret, J.L., Kaiser, M.L., Kellogg, P.J., Manning, R., Goetz, K., Monson, S.J., Monge, N., Friel, L., Meetre, C.A., Perche, C., Sitruk, L., Hoang, S.: 1995, WAVES: The radio and plasma wave investigation on the WIND spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. 71, 231 – 263. doi: 10.1007/BF00751331 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SSRv...71..231B .
Bougeret, J.L., Goetz, K., Kaiser, M.L., Bale, S.D., Kellogg, P.J., Maksimovic, M., Monge, N., Monson, S.J., Astier, P.L., Davy, S., Dekkali, M., Hinze, J.J., Manning, R.E., Aguilar-Rodriguez, E., Bonnin, X., Briand, C., Cairns, I.H., Cattell, C.A., Cecconi, B., Eastwood, J., Ergun, R.E., Fainberg, J., Hoang, S., Huttunen, K.E.J., Krucker, S., Lecacheux, A., MacDowall, R.J., Macher, W., Mangeney, A., Meetre, C.A., Moussas, X., Nguyen, Q.N., Oswald, T.H., Pulupa, M., Reiner, M.J., Robinson, P.A., Rucker, H., Salem, C., Santolik, O., Silvis, J.M., Ullrich, R., Zarka, P., Zouganelis, I.: 2008, S/WAVES: The radio and plasma wave investigation on the STEREO mission. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 487 – 528. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9298-8 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..487B .
Brueckner, G.E., Howard, R.A., Koomen, M.J., Korendyke, C.M., Michels, D.J., Moses, J.D., Socker, D.G., Dere, K.P., Lamy, P.L., Llebaria, A., Bout, M.V., Schwenn, R., Simnett, G.M., Bedford, D.K., Eyles, C.J.: 1995, The Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO). Solar Phys. 162, 357 – 402. doi: 10.1007/BF00733434 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoPh..162..357B .
Cane, H.V., Erickson, W.C.: 2003, Energetic particle propagation in the inner heliosphere as deduced from low-frequency (<100 kHz) observations of type III radio bursts. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1203. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRA..108.1203C .
Cliver, E.W., Cane, H.V.: 1996, The angular extents of solar/interplanetary disturbances and modulation of galactic cosmic rays. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15533 – 15546. doi: 10.1029/96JA00492 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JGR...10115533C .
Cliver, E.W., Kahler, S.W., Neidig, D.F., Cane, H.V., Richardson, I.G., Kallenrode, M.B., Wibberenz, G.: 1995, Extreme “propagation” of solar energetic particles. In: 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference 4, 257 – 260. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ICRC....4..257C .
Cliver, E.W., Laurenza, M., Storini, M., Thompson, B.J.: 2005, On the origins of solar EIT waves. Astrophys. J. 631, 604 – 611. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...631..604C .
Dalla, S., Balogh, A., Krucker, S., Posner, A., Müller-Mellin, R., Anglin, J.D., Hofer, M.Y., Marsden, R.G., Sanderson, T.R., Traquille, C., Heber, B., Zhang, M., McKibben, R.B.: 2003a, Properties of high heliolatitude solar energetic particle events and constraints on models of acceleration and propagation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 8035. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017139 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoRL..30sULY9D .
Dalla, S., Balogh, A., Krucker, S., Posner, A., Müller-Mellin, R., Anglin, J.D., Hofer, M.Y., Marsden, R.G., Sanderson, T.R., Heber, B., Zhang, M., McKibben, R.B.: 2003b, Delay in solar energetic particle onsets at high heliographic latitudes. Ann. Geophys. 21, 1367 – 1375. doi: 10.5194/angeo-21-1367-2003 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AnGeo..21.1367D .
Delaboudinière, J.P., Artzner, G.E., Brunaud, J., Gabriel, A.H., Hochedez, J.F., Millier, F., Song, X.Y., Au, B., Dere, K.P., Howard, R.A., Kreplin, R., Michels, D.J., Moses, J.D., Defise, J.M., Jamar, C., Rochus, P., Chauvineau, J.P., Marioge, J.P., Catura, R.C., Lemen, J.R., Shing, L., Stern, R.A., Gurman, J.B., Neupert, W.M., Maucherat, A., Clette, F., Cugnon, P., Dessel, E.L.: 1995, EIT: Extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescope for the SOHO mission. Solar Phys. 162, 291 – 312. doi: 10.1007/BF00733432 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoPh..162..291D .
Dröge, W.: 2003, Solar particle transport in a dynamical quasi-linear theory. Astrophys. J. 589, 1027 – 1039. doi: 10.1086/374812 .
Dröge, W., Kartavykh, Y.Y., Klecker, B., Kovaltsov, G.A.: 2010, Anisotropic three-dimensional focused transport of solar energetic particles in the inner heliosphere. Astrophys. J. 709, 912 – 919. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...709..912D .
Dunzlaff, P., Kopp, A., Heber, B.: 2010, Propagation of Jovian electron jets in heliospheric flux tube structures. J. Geophys. Res. 115. doi: 10.1029/2009JA015142 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRA..11510106D .
Galvin, A.B., Kistler, L.M., Popecki, M.A., Farrugia, C.J., Simunac, K.D.C., Ellis, L., Möbius, E., Lee, M.A., Boehm, M., Carroll, J., Crawshaw, A., Conti, M., Demaine, P., Ellis, S., Gaidos, J.A., Googins, J., Granoff, M., Gustafson, A., Heirtzler, D., King, B., Knauss, U., Levasseur, J., Longworth, S., Singer, K., Turco, S., Vachon, P., Vosbury, M., Widholm, M., Blush, L.M., Karrer, R., Bochsler, P., Daoudi, H., Etter, A., Fischer, J., Jost, J., Opitz, A., Sigrist, M., Wurz, P., Klecker, B., Ertl, M., Seidenschwang, E., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Koeten, M., Thompson, B., Steinfeld, D.: 2008, The plasma and suprathermal ion composition (PLASTIC) investigation on the STEREO observatories. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 437 – 486. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9296-x . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..437G .
Gold, R.E., Krimigis, S.M., Hawkins, S.E., III, Haggerty, D.K., Lohr, D.A., Fiore, E., Armstrong, T.P., Holland, G., Lanzerotti, L.J.: 1998, Electron, proton, and alpha monitor on the advanced composition explorer spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. 86, 541 – 562.
Grechnev, V.V., Afanasyev, A.N., Uralov, A.M., Chertok, I.M., Eselevich, M.V., Eselevich, V.G., Rudenko, G.V., Kubo, Y.: 2011, Coronal shock waves, EUV waves, and their relation to CMEs. III. Shock-associated CME/EUV wave in an event with a two-component EUV transient. Solar Phys. 273, 461 – 477. doi: 10.1007/s11207-011-9871-y . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1104.3375G .
Howard, R.A., Moses, J.D., Vourlidas, A., Newmark, J.S., Socker, D.G., Plunkett, S.P., Korendyke, C.M., Cook, J.W., Hurley, A., Davila, J.M., Thompson, W.T., St Cyr, O.C., Mentzell, E., Mehalick, K., Lemen, J.R., Wuelser, J.P., Duncan, D.W., Tarbell, T.D., Wolfson, C.J., Moore, A., Harrison, R.A., Waltham, N.R., Lang, J., Davis, C.J., Eyles, C.J., Mapson-Menard, H., Simnett, G.M., Halain, J.P., Defise, J.M., Mazy, E., Rochus, P., Mercier, R., Ravet, M.F., Delmotte, F., Auchere, F., Delaboudiniere, J.P., Bothmer, V., Deutsch, W., Wang, D., Rich, N., Cooper, S., Stephens, V., Maahs, G., Baugh, R., McMullin, D., Carter, T.: 2008, Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI). Space Sci. Rev. 136, 67 – 115. doi: 10.1007/s11214-008-9341-4 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136...67H .
Jokipii, J.R.: 1966, Cosmic-ray propagation. I. Charged particles in a random magnetic field. Astrophys. J. 146, 480 – 487. doi: 10.1086/148912 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966ApJ...146..480J .
Jokipii, J.R., Parker, E.N.: 1969, Stochastic aspects of magnetic lines of force with application to cosmic-ray propagation. Astrophys. J. 155, 777 – 798. doi: 10.1086/149909 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969ApJ...155..777J .
Kallenrode, M.B., Wibberenz, G., Kunow, H., Müller-Mellin, R., Stolpovskii, V., Kontor, N.: 1993, Multi-spacecraft observations of particle events and interplanetary shocks during November/December 1982. Solar Phys. 147, 377 – 410. doi: 10.1007/BF00690726 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SoPh..147..377K .
Klassen, A., Gómez-Herrero, R., Heber, B.: 2011, Electron spikes, type III radio bursts and EUV jets on 22 February 2010. Solar Phys. 273, 413 – 419. doi: 10.1007/s11207-011-9735-4 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SoPh..tmp..154K .
Klein, K.L., Krucker, S., Lointier, G., Kerdraon, A.: 2008, Open magnetic flux tubes in the corona and the transport of solar energetic particles. Astron. Astrophys. 486, 589 – 596. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A%26A...486..589K .
Luhmann, J.G., Curtis, D.W., Schroeder, P., McCauley, J., Lin, R.P., Larson, D.E., Bale, S.D., Sauvaud, J.A., Aoustin, C., Mewaldt, R.A., Cummings, A.C., Stone, E.C., Davis, A.J., Cook, W.R., Kecman, B., Wiedenbeck, M.E., Rosenvinge, T., Acuna, M.H., Reichenthal, L.S., Shuman, S., Wortman, K.A., Reames, D.V., Mueller-Mellin, R., Kunow, H., Mason, G.M., Walpole, P., Korth, A., Sanderson, T.R., Russell, C.T., Gosling, J.T.: 2007, STEREO IMPACT investigation goals, measurements, and data products overview. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 117 – 184. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9170-x . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..117L .
Mazur, J.E., Mason, G.M., Dwyer, J.R., Giacalone, J., Jokipii, J.R., Stone, E.C.: 2000, Interplanetary magnetic field line mixing deduced from impulsive solar flare particles. Astrophys. J. Lett. 532, L79 – L82. doi: 10.1086/312561 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...532L..79M .
McKibben, R.B., Lopate, C., Zhang, M.: 2001, Simultaneous observations of solar energetic particle events by IMP 8 and the Ulysses cospin high energy telescope at high solar latitudes. Space Sci. Rev. 97, 257 – 262. doi: 10.1023/A:1011816715390 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SSRv...97..257M .
Mewaldt, R.A., Cohen, C.M.S., Cook, W.R., Cummings, A.C., Davis, A.J., Geier, S., Kecman, B., Klemic, J., Labrador, A.W., Leske, R.A., Miyasaka, H., Nguyen, V., Ogliore, R.C., Stone, E.C., Radocinski, R.G., Wiedenbeck, M.E., Hawk, J., Shuman, S., Von Rosenvinge, T.T., Wortman, K.: 2007, The low-energy telescope (LET) and SEP central electronics for the STEREO mission. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 285 – 362. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9288-x . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..285M .
Müller-Mellin, R., Kunow, H., Fleissner, V., Pehlke, E., Rode, E., Röschmann, N., Scharmberg, C., Sierks, H., Rusznyak, P., Mckenna-Lawlor, S., Elendt, I., Sequeiros, J., Meziat, D., Sanchez, S., Medina, J., Peral, L., Witte, M., Marsden, R., Henrion, J.: 1995, COSTEP – comprehensive suprathermal and energetic particle analyser. Solar Phys. 162, 483 – 504. doi: 10.1007/BF00733437 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SoPh..162..483M .
Müller-Mellin, R., Böttcher, S., Falenski, J., Rode, E., Duvet, L., Sanderson, T., Butler, B., Johlander, B., Smit, H.: 2007, The solar electron and proton telescope for the STEREO mission. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 363 – 389. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9204-4 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..136..363M .
Ragot, B.R.: 1999, On the quasilinear transport of magnetic field lines. Astrophys. J. 525, 524 – 532. doi: 10.1086/307875 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...525..524R .
Reames, D.V.: 1999, Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 90, 413 – 491. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SSRv...90..413R .
Rouillard, A.P., Sheeley, N.R., Tylka, A., Vourlidas, A., Ng, C.K., Rakowski, C., Cohen, C.M.S., Mewaldt, R.A., Mason, G.M., Reames, D., Savani, N.P., StCyr, O.C., Szabo, A.: 2012, The longitudinal properties of a solar energetic particle event investigated using modern solar imaging. Astrophys. J. 752, 44. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/44 . http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/752/i=1/a=44?key=crossref.b124f469ff775ee8f148c7eb986c1ce1 .
Sanderson, T.R.: 2003, Propagation of energetic particles in the high-latitude high-speed solar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 8036. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017306 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoRL..30ULY10S .
Torsti, J., Kocharov, L., Teittinen, M., Anttila, A., Laitinen, T., Mäkelä, P., Riihonen, E., Vainio, R., Valtonen, E.: 1999, Energetic (10 – 65 MeV) protons observed by ERNE on August 13 – 14, 1996: Eruption on the solar back side as a possible source of the event. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9903 – 9909. doi: 10.1029/1998JA900017 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...104.9903T .
Veronig, A.M., Muhr, N., Kienreich, I.W., Temmer, M., Vršnak, B.: 2010, First observations of a dome-shaped large-scale coronal extreme-ultraviolet wave. Astrophys. J. Lett. 716, L57 – L62. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...716L..57V .
Von Rosenvinge, T., Cummings, A., Cohen, C., Leske, R., Mewaldt, R., Stone, E., Wiedenbeck, M.: 2007, The high energy telescope for STEREO. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 391 – 435. doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9300-5 .
Wibberenz, G., Cane, H.V.: 2006, Multi-spacecraft observations of solar flare particles in the inner heliosphere. Astrophys. J. 650, 1199 – 1207. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...650.1199W .
Wuelser, J.P.: 2004, EUVI: The STEREO-SECCHI extreme ultraviolet imager. Proc. SPIE 5171, 111 – 122. doi: 10.1117/12.506877 . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004SPIE.5171..111W .
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the STEREO PLASTIC, IMPACT, SECCHI, EIT, and Wind teams for providing the data used in this paper. The STEREO/SEPT and SOHO/EPHIN projects are supported under Grant 50 OC 0902 by the German Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft through the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR). We thank the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks for providing the ecliptic plane IMF maps. The radio monitoring survey is generated and maintained at the Observatoire de Paris by the LESIA UMR CNRS 8109 in cooperation with the Artemis team, the Universities of Athens and Ioanina, and the Naval Research Laboratory. This work utilizes data obtained by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) program, managed by the National Solar Observatory, which is operated by AURA, Inc. under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The data were acquired by instruments operated by the Big Bear Solar Observatory, High Altitude Observatory, Learmonth Solar Observatory, Udaipur Solar Observatory, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Y.K. was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 09-02-00019-a).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The Sun 360
Guest Editors: Bernhard Fleck, Bernd Heber, and Angelos Vourlidas
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dresing, N., Gómez-Herrero, R., Klassen, A. et al. The Large Longitudinal Spread of Solar Energetic Particles During the 17 January 2010 Solar Event. Sol Phys 281, 281–300 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-012-0049-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-012-0049-y