Abstract
The Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) is a dual Fèry prism spectrometer that employs 5 detectors per spectrometer channel to cover the wavelength range from 200 to 2700 nm. This instrument is used to monitor solar spectral variability throughout this wavelength region. Two identical, mirror-image, channels are used for redundancy and in-flight measurement of prism degradation. The primary detector for this instrument is an electrical substitution radiometer (ESR) designed to measure power levels ∼1000 times smaller than other radiometers used to measure TSI. The four complementary focal plane photodiodes are used in a fast-scan mode to acquire the solar spectrum, and the ESR calibrates their radiant sensitivity. Wavelength control is achieved by using a closed loop servo system that employs a linear charge coupled device (CCD) in the focal plane. This achieves 0.67 arcsec control of the prism rotation angle; this is equivalent to a wavelength positioning error of δλ/λ = 150 parts per million (ppm). This paper will describe the scientific measurement requirements used for instrument design and implementation, instrument performance, and the in-flight instrument operation modes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson, G. P. et al.: 1999, SPIE Proc. 3866, 2.
Curcio, J. A. and Petty, C.: 1951, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 302.
Harder, J. W., Lawrence, G. M., Rottman, G., and Woods, T. N.: 2000a, Metrologia 37, 415.
Harder, J. W., Lawrence, G., Rottman, G., and Woods, T.: 2000b, SPIE Proc. 4135, 204.
Harder, J. W., Fontenla, J., Lawrence, G., Woods, T., and Rottman, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Havey, K., Mustico, A., and Vallimont, J.: 1992, SPIE Proc. 1761, 2.
Hengstberger, F.: 1989, Absolute Radiometry, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, California.
Hood, L. L.: 1999, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 61, 45.
James, J. F. and Sternberg, R. S.: 1969, The Design of Optical Spectrometers, Chapman and Hall LTD, London, p. 41.
Johnson, C. E.: 1980, Metal Finishing, 21.
Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K.: 1997, Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 78, 197.
Kopp, G., Lawrence, G. M., and Rottman, G.: 2003, SPIE Proc. 5171.
Kurucz, R. L.: 1991, in A. N. Cox, W. C. Livingston, and M. S. Matthews (eds.), Solar Interior and Atmosphere, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
Labitzske, K. and Van Loon, H.: 1988, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 50, 197.
Lawrence, G. M., Rottman, G., Harder, J., and Wood, T.: 2000, Metrologia 37, 415.
Lean, J. L.: 1991, Rev. Geophys. 29, 505.
London, J., Rottman, G., Woods, T., and Wu, F.: 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1315.
McClintock, W., Rottman, G., and Woods, T.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Malitson, I. H.: 1965, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1205.
Neckel, H. and Labs, D.: 1984, Solar Phys. 90, 205.
Reid, G. C.: 1991, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 2835.
Reid, G. C.: 1999, J. Atmos. Sol Terr. Phys. 61, 3.
Rottman, G. J., Woods, T., and Sparn, T.: 1993, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 10667.
Rottman, G., Harder, J., Fontenla, J., Woods, T., White, O., and Lawrence, G.: 2005, Solar Phys., this volume.
Smith, R. C. and Baker, K.: 1978, Limnol. Oceangr. 23, 260.
Solanki, S. K. and Unruh, Y.: 1998, Astron. Astrophys. 329, 747.
Thuillier, G., Hersé, M., Labs, D., Foujols, T., Peetermans, W., Gillotay, D., Simon, P., and Mandel, H.: 2003, Solar Phys. 214, 1.
Vanhoosier, M. E., Bartoe, J.-D. F., Brueckner, G. E., Prinz, D. K., and Cook, J. W.: 1981, Solar Phys. 74, 521.
Viereck, R. and Puga, L.: 1999, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9995.
Warren, D. A., Hackwell, J., and Gutierrez, D.: 1997, Opt. Eng. 3 6, 1174.
White, W. R., Lean, J., Cayan, D., and Dettinger, M.: 1997, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3255.
Willson, R. C.: 1988, Space Sci. Rev. 38, 203.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Harder, J., Lawrence, G., Fontenla, J. et al. The Spectral Irradiance Monitor: Scientific Requirements, Instrument Design, and Operation Modes. Sol Phys 230, 141–167 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5007-5
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-005-5007-5