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A review of emerging PFAS contaminants: sources, fate, health risks, and a comprehensive assortment of recent sorbents for PFAS treatment by evaluating their mechanism

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Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have highly complex behavior in the environment and are environmentally persistent. Exposure to PFASs causes cancer, liver toxicity, effect on the thyroid hormones, and also brings risks for the animal’s health. PFASs are separated into two categories: non-polymers and polymers, and most parts of the study of PFASs focus on non-polymers because they are more found in the environments. Urban water cycles such as drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and wastewater have been faced with the occurrence of PFASs, and PFOS and PFOA are the most detected PFASs. Various methods have been applied to remove PFASs which are divided into two main categories: separation and destruction. The PFASs destruction is still challenging in practice because of the powerful C–F bond and has only been utilized at the laboratory and small scale. Therefore, sorption is an eco-friendly and cost-effective technique with high efficacy that is commonly applied to eliminate PFASs from wastewater. In this review, most important sorption techniques used to remove long- and short-chain PFASs are collected such as powdered or granular activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, biochar, polysaccharide-based adsorbents, ion exchange resins, and minerals. Additionally, the possible mechanisms of PFASs sorption on various adsorbents are summarized, and different interactions such as electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are reviewed. However, coexisting of inorganic anions and cations, natural organic matters, and other organic contaminants that generally exist in wastewater can affect the sorption of PFASs. Moreover, environmentally friendly and economical ways for the regeneration of adsorbents were summarized. Although this process needs more research and evaluation.

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Abbreviations

PFASs:

Per- and polyfuoroalkyl substances

PFBS:

Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid

PFBA:

Perfluorobutanoic acid

PFAA:

Perfluoroalkyl acid

PFTrDA:

Perfluorotridecanoic acid

FTOH:

Fluorotelomer alcohols

FTCA:

Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid

PFCA:

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid

FP:

Fluoropolymers

FOSE:

Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol

FTSA:

Fluorotelomer sulfonic acids

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid

FOSA:

Perfluorooctane sulfonamide

PASF:

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride

PAP:

Polyfluoroalkylphosphoricacidesters/polyfluoroalkylphosphates/(n: 2) fluorotelomerphosphates

PFDA:

Perfluorodecanoic acid

PFHpA:

Perfluoroheptanoic acid

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFHxS:

Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid

PFHxA:

Perfluorohexanoic acid

PFDoDA:

Perfluorododecanoic acid

POSF:

Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride

PFPeA:

Perfluoropentanoic acid

PFSA:

Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid

WWTPs:

Wastewater treatment plants

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to gratefully thank the Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran, for their financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran

    Targol Teymourian

  2. Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran

    Termeh Teymoorian & Elaheh Kowsari

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore

    Seeram Ramakrishna

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Teymourian, T., Teymoorian, T., Kowsari, E. et al. A review of emerging PFAS contaminants: sources, fate, health risks, and a comprehensive assortment of recent sorbents for PFAS treatment by evaluating their mechanism. Res Chem Intermed 47, 4879–4914 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-021-04603-7

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