Skip to main content
Log in

Carbon-dot-modified TiO2−x mesoporous single crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of phenol

  • Published:
Research on Chemical Intermediates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We introduce a facile method to synthesize carbon quantum dots/titanium dioxide mesoporous single crystals (CQDs–MSCs). CQDs were synthesized using a pyrolysis method with citric acid as carbon precursor. V-CQDs–MSCs composite was prepared using a vacuum activation method and exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity. The composites were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetry (TG) analysis. XPS results indicated that CQDs were bonded on the surface of MSCs by formation of Ti–O–C bonds, which played an important role in transfer of photogenerated electrons from Ti3+–TiO2 to CQDs. V-CQDs–MSCs obtained using CQD loading content of 2% and vacuum activation temperature of 600 °C showed the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of phenol under simulated solar light irradiation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Scheme 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A.A. Ismail, D.W. Bahnemann, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 11686 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Y. Ren, Z. Ma, P.G. Bruce, Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 4909 (2012)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. W. Li, Z. Wu, J. Wang, A.A. Elzatahry, D. Zhao, Chem. Mater. 26, 287 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. V. Sivaram, E.J.W. Crossland, T. Leijtens, N.K. Noel, J. Alexander-Webber, P. Docampo, H.J. Snaith, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 1821 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Y. Zhou, Q. Yi, M. Xing, L. Shang, T. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem. Commun. 52, 1689 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Li, Y. Bian, H. Qin, Y. Zhang, Z. Bian, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 206, 293 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Tang, L. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Bian, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 201, 41 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Z. Bian, J. Zhu, H. Li, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 28, 72 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. F. Chen, F. Cao, H. Li, Z. Bian, Langmuir 31, 3494 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Z. Bian, J. Zhu, H. Li, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 28(Supplement C), 72 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. X. Zheng, Q. Kuang, K. Yan, Y. Qiu, J. Qiu, S. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 11249 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. X. Zheng, Y. Lv, Q. Kuang, Z. Zhu, X. Long, S. Yang, Chem. Mater. 26, 5700 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Z. Bian, T. Tachikawa, T. Majima, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 1422 (2012)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. W.Q. Fang, X.-Q. Gong, H.G. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 725 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. E.J.W. Crossland, N. Noel, V. Sivaram, T. Leijtens, J.A. Alexander-Webber, H.J. Snaith, Nature 495, 7440 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. L. Zhao, X. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, W. Wei, Y. Sun, M. Antonietti, M.-M. Titirici, Adv. Mater. 22, 3317 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. X. Zhang, F. Wang, H. Huang, H. Li, X. Han, Y. Liu, Z. Kang, Nanoscale 5, 2274 (2013)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Sun, X. Ma, X. Chen, Y. Sun, X. Cui, Y. Lin, RSC Adv. 4, 1120 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. X. Li, J. Chang, F. Xu, X. Wang, Y. Lang, Z. Gao, D. Wu, K. Jiang, Res. Chem. Intermed. 41, 813 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. P.S. Saud, B. Pant, A.-M. Alam, Z.K. Ghouri, M. Park, H.-Y. Kim, Ceram. Int. 41, 11953 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Zhang, H. Ming, S. Lian, H. Huang, H. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, Z. Kang, S.-T. Lee, Dalton Trans. 40, 10822 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. J. Zhang, J. Xi, Z. Ji, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 17700 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. B. Li, H. Cao, J. Mater. Chem. 21, 10645 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Li, X. He, Z. Kang, H. Huang, Y. Liu, J. Liu, S. Lian, C.H.A. Tsang, X. Yang, S.-T. Lee, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 4430 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. H. Yu, H. Zhang, H. Huang, Y. Liu, H. Li, H. Ming, Z. Kang, New J. Chem. 36, 1541 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Wang, R. Shi, J. Lin, Y. Zhu, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 2922 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Yu, Y. Zhao, C. Zhou, L. Shang, Y. Peng, Y. Cao, L.-Z. Wu, C.-H. Tung, T. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 3344 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Xing, W. Fang, M. Nasir, Y. Ma, J. Zhang, M. Anpo, J. Catal. 297, 236 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. W. Fang, M. Xing, J. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 160, 240 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Q. Yi, Y. Zhou, M. Xing, J. Zhang, Res. Chem. Intermed. 42, 4181 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. H. Liu, B. Shen, M. Xing, J. Zhang, B. Tian, Res. Chem. Intermed. 42, 3459 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Qin, Y. Bian, Y. Zhang, L. Liu, Z. Bian, Chin. J. Chem. 35, 203 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Zuo, L. Wang, T. Wu, Z. Zhang, D. Borchardt, P. Feng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 11856 (2010)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. B. Qiu, Y. Zhou, Y. Ma, X. Yang, W. Sheng, M. Xing, J. Zhang, Sci. Rep. 5, 8591 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Xing, X. Li, J. Zhang, Sci. Rep. 4, 5493 (2014)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. F. Zuo, K. Bozhilov, R.J. Dillon, L. Wang, P. Smith, X. Zhao, C. Bardeen, P. Feng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 124, 6327 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. M. Bahmanyar, S.A. Ramazani, H. Baniasadi, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 54, 1152 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Cheng, X. Tan, D. Lu, L. Wang, T. Sen, J. Lei, A.M. El-Toni, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, D. Zhao, Chem. Eur. J. 21, 17944 (2015)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Thamaphat, P. Limsuwan, B. Ngotawornchai, J. Kasetsart, Nat. Sci. 42, 357 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  40. M.-Y. Xing, D.-Y. Qi, J.-L. Zhang, F. Chen, Chem. Eur. J. 17, 11432 (2011)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Y.-N. Zhang, H. Tian, G. Zhao, ChemElectroChem 2, 1728 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. W.-S. Wang, D.-H. Wang, W.-G. Qu, L.-Q. Lu, A.-W. Xu, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 19644 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Conesa, J. Soria, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 1392 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. D. Pan, J. Jiao, Z. Li, Y. Guo, C. Feng, Y. Liu, L. Wang, M. Wu, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 3, 2405 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. J. Ke, X. Li, Q. Zhao, B. Liu, S. Liu, S. Wang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 496, 425 (2017)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. X.Y. Kong, W.L. Tan, B.-J. Ng, S.-P. Chai, A.R. Mohamed, Nano Res. 10, 1720 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. W.-J. Ong, L.K. Putri, Y.-C. Tan, L.-L. Tan, N. Li, Y.H. Ng, X. Wen, S.-P. Chai, Nano Res. 10, 1673 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21407049, 21377038, 21237003).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mingyang Xing or Jinlong Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Dong, C. et al. Carbon-dot-modified TiO2−x mesoporous single crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of phenol. Res Chem Intermed 44, 4797–4807 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3269-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-018-3269-4

Keywords

Navigation