Abstract
Aims
Fertilization methods have affected the development of dryland agriculture. There is a need to understand the impacts of different fertilizer application depths on crop production and gas emissions to facilitate the sustainable development of dryland agriculture.
Methods
A field experiment was conducted for two years (2019–2020) in a dryland agroecosystem in the Loess Plateau region of China. Five fertilizer placement depths were tested comprising 0 cm (FD0), 5 cm (FD5), 15 cm (FD15), 25 cm (FD25), and 35 cm (FD35). N-P-K fertilizer was applied to all treatments as base fertilizer at the same rate. After sowing, the gas emission fluxes were measured 17 consecutive times. We systematically analyzed the effects of different fertilization depths on the summer maize (Zhengdan 958) yield, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, and greenhouse gas emissions (nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)).
Results
The results showed that the NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) decreased as the fertilization depth increased. Compared with the traditional fertilization depth (FD5), deep fertilization at 15 cm clearly reduced the NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, GWP, and greenhouse gas intensity. In addition, compared with FD25 or FD35, FD15 increased the capacity of the soil to absorb CH4. Critically, compared with the traditional fertilization depth, FD15 can effectively improve the summer maize biomass yield (4.2%) and grain yield (18.1%) at the final harvest.
Conclusion
FD15 can promote the sustainable development of dryland agriculture in the Loess Plateau region of China by improving crop production and reducing gas emissions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Advientoborbe MA, Linquist BA (2016) Assessing fertilizer N placement on CH4 and N2O emissions in irrigated rice systems. Geoderma 266:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.11.034
Alvarez R, Steinbach HS (2009) A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil till Res 104:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.02.005
Arrobas M, Parada MJ, Magalhães P et al (2011) Nitrogen-use efficiency and economic efficiency of slow-release N fertilisers applied to irrigated turfs in a Mediterranean environment. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 89:329–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-010-9397-x
Bodelier PLE, Laanbroek HJ (2004) Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 47:265–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00304-0
Cha-un N, Chidthaisong A, Yagi K, Sudo S (2017) Greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon sequestration and crop yield in a rain-fed field with crop rotation management. Agric Ecosyst Environ 237:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.025
Chen H, Li L, Luo X, Li Y, Liu D, Zhao Y, Feng H, Deng J (2019) Modeling impacts of mulching and climate change on crop production and N2O emission in the Loess Plateau of China. Agric for Meteorol 268:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.002
Chen GZ, Cai T, Wang JY, Wang YH, Ren LQ, Wu P, Zhang P, Jia ZK (2022) Suitable fertilizer application depth enhances the efficient utilization of key resources and improves crop productivity in rainfed farmland on the Loess Plateau, China. Front Plant Sci 13:900352. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.900352
Cheng Y, Wang HQ, Liu P, Dong ST, Zhang JW, Zhao B, Ren BZ (2020) Nitrogen placement at sowing affects root growth, grain yield formation, N use efficiency in maize. Plant Soil 457(1–2):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04747-2
Gaihre YK, Singh U, Islam SMM, Huda A, Islam MR, Sanabria J, Satter MA, Islam MR, Biswas JC, Jahiruddin M, Jahan MS (2018) Nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency as affected by nitrogen placement in lowland rice fields. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 110(2):277–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9897-z
Gan YT, Siddique KHM, Turner NC, Li XG, Niu JY, Yang C, Liu LP, Chai Q (2013) Ridge-furrow mulching systems-an innovative technique forboosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Adv Agron 118:429–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405942-9.00007-4
Gao B, Ju X, Su F, Meng Q, Oenema O, Chiristie P, Chen X, Zhang F (2014) Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from optimized and alternative cereal cropping systems on the North China Plain: a two-year field study. Sci Total Environ 472:112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.003
Hellebrand HJ, Kern J, Scholz V (2003) Long term studies on greenhouse gas fluxes during cultivation of energy crops on sandy soils. Atmos Environ 37:1635–1644. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00015-3
IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis
Kapoor V, Singh U, Patil SK, Magre H, Shrivastava LK, Mishra VN, Das RO, Samadhiya VK, Sanabria J, Diamond R (2008) Rice growth, grain yield, and floodwater nutrient dynamics as affected by nutrient placement method and rate. Agron J 100(3):526–536. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0007
Khalil MI, Schmidhalter U, Gutser R (2009) Emissions of nitrous oxide, ammonia, and carbon dioxide from a cambisol at two contrasting soil water regimes and urea granular sizes. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 40:1191–1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620902754549
Kunrath TR, Lemaire G, Sadras VO, Gastal F (2018) Water use efficiency in perennial forage species: Interactions between nitrogen nutrition and water deficit. Field Crops Res 222:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.031
Kunrath TR, Lemaire G, Teixeira E, Brown HE, Ciampitti IA, Sadras VO (2020) Allometric relationships between nitrogen uptake and transpiration to untangle interactions between nitrogen supply and drought in maize and sorghum. Europ J Agronomy 120:126145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2020.126145
Lemaire G, Jeuffroy MH, Gastal F (2008) Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stage Theory and practices for crop N management. Europ J Agronomy 28:614–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2008.01.005
Li C, Xiong Y, Huang Q, Xu X, Huang G (2020) Impact of irrigation and fertilization regimes on greenhouse gas emissions from soil of mulching cultivated maize (Zea mays L) field in the upper reaches of Yellow River, China. J Clean Prod 259:120873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120873
Li X, Ju XT, Zhang LJ et al (2008) Effects of different fertilization modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chin J Appl Ecol 19:99–104 (CNKI:SUN:YYSB.0.2008-01-018)
Liu PZ, Zhang T, Zhang FY, Ren XL, Chen XL, Zhao XN (2022) Ridge and furrow confguration improved grain yield by optimizing the soil hydrothermal environment and maize canopy traits in Northwest China. Plant Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05518-x
Liu TQ, Fan D, Zhang XX, Chen J, Li CF, Cao CG (2015) Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in Central China. Field Crops Res 184:80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.09.011
Min X, Zhao BZ, Hao XY, Zhang JB (2015) Soil quality in relation to agricultural production in the North China Plain. Pedosphere 25(4):592–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)30039-4
Nan WG, Yue SC, Li SQ, Huang H, Shen YF (2016) Characteristics of N2O production and transport within soil profiles subjected to different nitrogen application rates in China. Sci Total Environ 542:864–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.147
Plenet D, Lemaire G (2000) Relationships between dynamics of nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops. Determination of critical N concentration. Plant Soil 216:65–82. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004783431055
Powlson DS, Goulding KWT, Willison TW et al (1997) The effect of agriculture on methane oxidation in soil. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 49:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009704226554
Qiang S, Zhang Y, Fan J, Zhang F, Xiang Y, Yan S, Wu Y (2019) Maize yield, rainwater and nitrogen use efficiency as affected by maize genotypes and nitrogen rates on the Loess Plateau of China. Agric Water Manag 213:996–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.12.021
Qiang SC, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Fan JL, Zhang FC, Sun M, Gao ZQ (2022) Combined effects of urea type and placement depth on grain yield, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rain-fed spring maize in northern China. Agric Water Manag 262:107442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107442
Shi Y, Wu W, Meng F et al (2014) Nitous Oxide and Methane Fluxes During the Maize Season Under Optimized Management in Intensive Farming Systems of the North China Plain. Pedosphere 24:487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(14)60035-7
Soares JR, Cassman NA, Kielak AM, Pijl A, Carmo JB, Lourenço KL, Laanbroek HJ, Cantarella H, Kuramae EE (2016) Nitrous oxide emission related to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and mitigation options from N fertilization in a tropical soil. Sci Rep 6:30349. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30349
Sommer SG, Schjoerring JK, Denmead OT (2004) Ammonia emission from mineral fertilizers and fertilized crops. Adv Agron 82:557–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(03)82008-4
Sun HF, Zhu JG, Xie ZB, Li G, Tang HY (2013) Effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on soil respiration in winter wheat growing seasons of a rice-wheat rotation system. Pedosphere 23(6):752–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(13)60067-3
Tewari K, Sato T, Abiko M et al (2007) Analysis of the nitrogen nutrition of soybean plants with deep placement of coated urea and lime nitrogen. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53:772–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00194.x
Tian Z, Wang JJ, Liu S, Zhang Z, Dodla SK, Myers G (2015) Application effects of coated urea and urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical cotton field of the Mississippi delta region. Sci Total Environ 533:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.147
Ussiri D, Lal R (2013) Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation. Springer Science & Business Media
Van Damme M, Clarisse L, Heald CL, Hurtmans D, Ngadi Y, Clerbaux C, Dolman AJ, Erisman JW, Coheur PF (2014) Global distributions, time series and error characterization of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) from IASI satellite observations. Atmos Chem Phys 14:2905–2922. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2905-2014
Wang Z, Liu X, Ju X, Zhang F, Malhi SS (2011) Ammonia volatilization loss from surface-broadcast urea: comparison of vented- and closed-chamber methods and loss in winter wheat-summer maize rotation in North China Plain. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 35:2917–2939. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200036499
Wu P, Liu F, Li H, Zhang P, Jia ZK (2021) Suitable fertilizer application depth can increase nitrogen use efficiency and maize yield by reducing gaseous nitrogen losses. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146787
Xia L, Li X, Ma Q, Lam SK, Wolf B, Kiese R, Butterbachbahl K, Chen D, Li Z, Yan X (2020) Simultaneous quantification of N2, NH3 and N2O emissions from a flooded paddy field under different N fertilization regimes. Glob Chang Biol 26(4):2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14958
Yao Z, Yan G, Zheng X et al (2017) Straw returm reduces yield-scaled N2O plus NO emissions from annual winter wheat-based cropping systems in the North China Plain. Sci Tous Environ 590:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.194
Yang YM, Sun YM, Jia LL et al (2016) Effect of base nitrogen application depth on summer maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen residue. J Plant Nutr Fertilizer 22(3):830–837. https://doi.org/10.11674/zwyf.14409 (in Chinese)
Zeng W, Li J (2020) Spatio-temporal distribution of ammonia (NH3) emissions in agricultural fields across North China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:8129–8141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07326-w
Zhang P, Wei T, Han QF, Ren XL, Jia ZK (2020) Effects of different film mulching methods on soil water productivity and maize yield in a semiarid area of china. Agric Water Manag 241:106382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106382
Zhang XD, Yang LC, Xue XK, Kamran M, Ahmad I, Dong ZY, Liu TN, Jia ZK, Zhang P, Han QF (2019) Plastic film mulching stimulates soil wet-dry alternation and stomatal behavior to improve maize yieldand resource use efficiency in a semiarid region. Field Crops Res 233:101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.01.002
Zheng J, Fan J, Zhang F, Guo J, Yan S, Zhuang Q, Cui N, Guo L (2021) Interactive effects of mulching practice and nitrogen rate on grain yield, water productivity, fertilizer use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of rainfed summer maize in northwest China. Agric Water Manage 248:106778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106778
Zhong Y, Wang X, Yang J, Zhao X, Ye X (2016) Exploring a suitable nitrogen fertilizer rate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure rice yields in paddy fields. Sci Total Environ 565:420–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.167
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Junfeng Nie, Baoping Yang and Ruixia Ding for help with the experiments. We also would like to thank every reviewer for all of their careful, constructive and insightful comments in relation to this work.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFE0101302), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31801314, 31901475, and 32071955), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2021M702697, 2019T120951).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GZC, PZ, and ZKJ conceived this research and designed experiments. GZC, JYW, FL, GXL, LQR, and HL conducted the experiment. GZC, and PZ analysed the data. GZC wrote the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors are aware of the submission and consent to it.
Conflicts of interest/Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest in relation to the study in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Hans Lambers.
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, G., Ren, L., Wang, J. et al. Optimizing fertilization depth can promote sustainable development of dryland agriculture in the Loess Plateau region of China by improving crop production and reducing gas emissions. Plant Soil 499, 73–89 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05795-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05795-6