Abstract
Background and aims
Plant uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is increasingly leading to concerns about their potential exposure to humans and wildlife via dietary intake. Due to the extraordinary ability of biochars to bind organic compounds, plant uptake experiments were conducted to assess the effect of soil-amendment of three different biochars on the uptake of APIs from spiked soil.
Methods
Pot experiments were undertaken to assess the extent of sorption and corresponding bioaccessibility of two APIs (carbamazepine - CBZ and propranolol -PRL) to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) grown in an API-spiked loamy sand, with and without biochar amendment (5 t/ha equivalent). The soil was amended with three different biochars produced from eucalyptus wood and wheat residues.
Results
Both APIs were taken up by ryegrass, with CBZ preferentially accumulated (14.3 mg/kg CBZ, 3.8 mg/kg PRL in unamended soil) due to its comparatively high concentration in porewater. Soil amendment with biochars increased partitioning of the two APIs by up to three- fold, with corresponding decreases in porewater (34–72 % of unamended soil) and plant tissue (17–64 %) concentrations.
Conclusions
Biochars were effective in reducing the uptake of APIs into plant tissues from a contaminated soil and may be effective in the management of API residues in contaminated soils.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Dr Lynne MacDonald (CSIRO) for the supply and properties of biochars; Dr Jun Du (CSIRO) for help in residue analyses of APIs, Dr Hong Yin (CSIRO) and Dr Philip Pendleton (University of South Australia) for surface area analysis and interpretation of results and Drs Laura Carter and Peter Bain (CSIRO) for comments on the manuscript. The authors would also like to thank the four anonymous reviewers who considerably improved the quality of this manuscript.
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Williams, M., Martin, S. & Kookana, R.S. Sorption and plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from an artificially contaminated soil amended with biochars. Plant Soil 395, 75–86 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2421-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2421-9