Abstract
Meta-analyses have shown that several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, are associated with a higher prevalence of atypical (left-, non-right-, or mixed-) handedness. One neurodevelopmental disorder for which this association is unclear is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, some empirical studies have found evidence for a higher prevalence of atypical handedness in individuals with ADHD compared to neurotypical individuals. However, other studies failed to establish such an association. Therefore, meta-analytic integration is critical to estimate whether or not there is an association between handedness and ADHD. We report the results of three meta-analyses (left-, mixed-, and non-right-handedness) comparing handedness in individuals with ADHD to controls (typically developing individuals). The results show evidence of a trend towards elevated levels of atypical handedness when it comes to differences in left- and mixed-handedness (p = 0.09 and p = 0.07, respectively), but do show clear evidence of elevated levels of non-right-handedness between individuals with ADHD and controls (p = 0.02). These findings are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that ADHD is a disorder in which mostly right-hemispheric brain networks are affected. Since right-handedness represents a dominance of the left motor cortex for fine motor behavior, such as writing, as well as a left-hemispheric dominance for language functions, and about 90% of individuals are right-handers, this hypothesis might explain why there is not stronger evidence for an association of left-handedness with ADHD. We suggest that the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD might show an overlap with the mechanisms involved in handedness strength, but not handedness direction.
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Studies marked with an asterisk (*) were included in the meta-analyses.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Eve M. Valera, Sara Scharoun Benson, Suzanne Rolfe, Graham Puck, and Gabrielle Todd for kindly responding to our requests of information. This manuscript was in part prepared using a limited access dataset obtained from the Child Mind Institute Biobank, ADHD-200. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the Child Mind Institute. Martine Hoogman is supported by a personal NWO veni grant from the Netherlands Scientific Organisation, grant number 91619115.
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Nastou, E., Ocklenburg, S., Hoogman, M. et al. Handedness in ADHD: Meta-Analyses. Neuropsychol Rev 32, 877–892 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09530-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09530-3