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Therapeutic implications of glucose transporters (GLUT) in cerebral ischemia

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Abstract

Cerebral ischemia is a leading cause of death in the globe, with a large societal cost. Deprivation of blood flow, together with consequent glucose and oxygen shortage, activates a variety of pathways that result in permanent brain damage. As a result, ischemia raises energy demand, which is linked to significant alterations in brain energy metabolism. Even at the low glucose levels reported in plasma during ischemia, glucose transport activity may adjust to assure the supply of glucose to maintain normal cellular function. Glucose transporters in the brain are divided into two groups: sodium-independent glucose transporters (GLUTs) and sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLTs).This review assess the GLUT structure, expression, regulation, pathobiology of GLUT in cerebral ischemia and regulators of GLUT and it also provides the synopsis of the literature exploring the relationship between GLUT and the various downstream signalling pathways for e.g., AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF)-1, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AREs). Therefore, the aim of the present review was to elaborate the therapeutic implications of GLUT in the cerebral ischemia.

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Abbreviations

GLUT:

Glucose Transporters.

BBB:

Blood Brain Barrier.

MCAO:

Middle carotid artery occlusion.

STZ:

Streptozotocin.

HRE:

Hypoxia response element.

PLA2:

Phospholipase A2.

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase.

CREB:

cAMP response element-binding protein.

OGD:

Oxygen and glucose deprivation.

TPA:

Tissue plasminogen activator.

HIF:

Hypoxia-inducible factor.

PI3-K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor.

PKB:

Protein kinase B.

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase.

ERK:

Extracellular regulated kinase.

UTR:

Untranslated region.

AGE:

Aged garlic extract.

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease.

AA:

Ascorbic Acid.

IGE:

Idiopathic generalised epilepsies.

AREs:

Adenylate-uridylate-rich elements.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, India for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the research work.

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  1. Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Patiala, Punjab, India

    Veerta Sharma, Thakur Gurjeet Singh & Ashi mannan

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Conceptualization: Thakur Gurjeet Singh. Analyzed the data: Veerta Sharma, Thakur Gurjeet Singh Wrote the manuscript: Veerta Sharma. Visualization: Ashi Mannan Editing of the Manuscript: Thakur Gurjeet Singh Critically reviewed the article: Thakur Gurjeet Singh. Supervision: Thakur Gurjeet Singh.

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Sharma, V., Singh, T.G. & mannan, A. Therapeutic implications of glucose transporters (GLUT) in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 47, 2173–2186 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-022-03620-1

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