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Influence of Gd3+ ion doping on structural, optical, and magnetic properties of (Mg–Ni–Co) nanoferrites

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Abstract

The characterization of (Mg–Ni–Co) nanoferrites doped with small different concentrations of gadolinium rare earth metal (Gd3+), prepared by the chemical co-precipitation method, is reported in this study. The XRD results reveal that the crystallite sizes, which are close to the particle size detected from TEM analysis, decrease upon adding Gd3+. Furthermore, the lattice constant a increases from 8.351 to 8.367 Å as the Gd3+ concentration (x) increases from 0.00 to 0.08. HRTEM images reveal the presence of different grains with different lattice plane orientations. Furthermore, the appearance of concentric circles in the SAED patterns verified the samples’ polycrystalline nature. The presence of the active modes of the spinel structure was confirmed by the Raman analysis with a slight shift upon increasing the Gd3+ concentrations. Moreover, the photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed the presence of a sharp peak in the UV region and structural defects in the prepared samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to examine the magnetic properties of the prepared samples. From the Mössbauer analysis, it was suggested that Gd3+ ions occupy the octahedral site. In addition, the saturation magnetization (Ms) and magnetocrystalline anisotropy (K) decreased from 31.87 to 15.76 emu/g and from 0.0057 to 0.0014 J/m3 with the increase of Gd3+ concentration from 0.00 to 0.08, respectively. Finally, different forms of the law of approach to saturation (LAS) for ferromagnetic materials were used for the fitting of M-H hysteresis loops at high applied fields. The obtained results show that the LAS model, mainly\(M={M}_{\textrm{s}}\left(1-\frac{b}{H^2}\right)+\upchi H\), can effectively describe the doping of Gd3+ for all concentrations. This model exhibits well-fitting with high R2 values and provides relevant values of the magnetic parameters.

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Acknowledgements

This research was carried out in the Specialized Materials Science Lab and Advanced Nanomaterials Research Lab at Beirut Arab University in Lebanon in collaboration with Alexandria University in Egypt. Furthermore, the Mössbauer analysis was performed at the Université du Mans in France.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Amani Aridi & Mariam Rabaa

  2. Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon

    Amani Aridi

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt

    Ramy Moussa & Ramadan Awad

  4. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Rodaina Sayed Hassan

  5. IMMM, Université du Mans, CNRS UMR-6283, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans, France

    Nader Yaacoub

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  1. Amani Aridi
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Ramadan Awad; data curation: Amani Aridi, Maraim Rabaa, and Ramy Moussa; formal analysis: Amani Aridi, Mariam Rabaa, Ramy Moussa, and Ramadan Awad; writing—original draft preparation: Amani Aridi, Maraim Rabaa, and Ramy Moussa; writing—review and editing: Amani Aridi, Mariam Rabaa, Ramy Moussa, Roudaina Sayed Hassan, Nader Yaacoub, and Ramadan Awad; resources: Roudaina Sayed Hassan, Nader Yaacoub, and Ramadan Awad; supervision: Ramadan Awad. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amani Aridi.

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Highlights

• (Mg–Ni–Co) nanoferrites doped with Gd3+ were synthesized by the coprecipitation method.

• Doping the (Mg–Ni–Co) nanoferrites with Gd3+ increases the lattice constant and reduces the particle size and saturation magnetization.

• Raman analysis has verified the existence of active modes related to the spinel ferrite structure.

• Referring to the Mössbauer analysis, Gd3+ ions occupy the octahedral sites.

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Aridi, A., Rabaa, M., Moussa, R. et al. Influence of Gd3+ ion doping on structural, optical, and magnetic properties of (Mg–Ni–Co) nanoferrites. J Nanopart Res 25, 228 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05879-z

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