Abstract
A biogenic protocol has been adopted for the formulation of zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZFNPs) using an aqueous extract of Allium cepa (AC) as a reducing agent for the optimization of its properties. The various characterization results from XRD, SEM, DRS, Raman, and VSM clearly showed that the formulated ZFNP was a single phase with crystallite size in the range of 11–15 nm. A spherical morphology was observed for all the samples with particle size in the range of 34–52 nm. All the samples showed a superparamagnetic behavior with reduced saturation magnetization. The ZFNPs prepared were used for self-heating analysis in hyperthermia applications at 180 Oe applied field and 425 Hz. It produced enough heating within the therapeutic temperature to attain the Curie temperature. The ZFNP formulated is auspicious for hyperthermia applications with less side effect owing to their biocompatibility, moderate Curie temperature, and SAR value within the therapeutic range. The formulated nanoparticles have further broadened the horizon of hyperthermia therapeutic applications with an innocuous protocol within 300 s.
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Acknowledgements
Samson O. Aisida acknowledges the NCP-TWAS Postdoc Fellowship award (NCP-CAAD/TWAS_Fellow8408). Special thanks to Prof. Ishaq Ahmad, the director Experimental Physics Lab., National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan, and Prof. Fabian I. Ezema, Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Nigeria, and the current dean, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Coal City University, Enugu, Nigeria, for the success of this work.
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The main claim of the paper
Biogenic synthesis protocol for ZFNPs and AC-ZFNPs has been successfully obtained using AC as a biological reducing and capping agent for moderate hyperthermia property optimization. Optimized properties of the formulated samples were obtained by the AC concentrations which are propitious for hyperthermia application with moderate SAR values within the therapeutic range. The ZFNPs formulated are auspicious for hyperthermia applications with less side effect owing to their biocompatibility and moderate SAR value within the therapeutic range. The formulated nanoparticles have further broadened the horizon of moderate hyperthermia therapeutic applications with an innocuous protocol within 300 s.
Novelty
In this work, we have prepared ZFNPs functionalized with various concentrations of AC ( 20%, 40%, and 60%) by the biogenic method to enhance its biocompatibility. This method uses cost-effective, eco-friendly, and innocuous AC as a potential reducing agent to enhance the stability of the formulated colloidal solution for the first time. To our knowledge, the evaluation of the effects of AC on the properties of ZFNPs and its thermoablation evaluation has not been reported in the literature. Hence, the microstructural properties of the colloidal AC-ZFNPs were affirmed by SEM, TEM, and XRD. The optical properties were evaluated by UV-Vis DRS and Raman spectral analyses; the magnetic properties were analyzed by VSM. The properties of ZFNPs were greatly enhanced by the concentration of AC. Also, the highest temperature and the specific absorption rate (SAR) for thermoablation were influenced by the concentration of AC. It is noteworthy that the influence of AC reduces the heating rate from 49 to 34 within 300 s to obtain the highest temperature within the therapeutic range. Hence, the properties of AC-ZnFNPs obtained are auspicious for thermoablation applications.
Why it is relevant
This research is relevant to alleviate the side effect of many cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
How the results advance the field
The self-heating of the formulated samples generates enough heating within the therapeutic temperature range 33–49 °C within 300 s to attain the highest temperature. This makes it a better candidate for magnetic hyperthermia applications. An increase in the concentration of AC atom reduces the heating temperature from 49 to 33 °C, to fall within the therapeutic range. Optimized properties of the formulated samples were obtained by the AC concentrations which are propitious for hyperthermia application with moderate SAR values within the therapeutic range. The obtained sample is projected for further in vivo and in vitro application in the future with thorough cytotoxicity assay.
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Aisida, S.O., Ali, A., Oyewande, O.E. et al. Biogenic synthesis enhanced structural, morphological, magnetic and optical properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles for moderate hyperthermia applications. J Nanopart Res 23, 47 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05149-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05149-w