Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of Fe3O4–TiO2 nanoparticles is described, where the magnetic induction heating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is employed to calcine a metal oxide precursor gel. Magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles were mechanically dispersed in the as-prepared TiO2 gel and subsequently submitted to the action of an ac magnetic field (frequency 313 kHz, amplitude 340 Oe, induction times, t = 10, 20, and 30 min). The magnetic heating of the magnetic nanoparticles is able to calcine the precursor gel and thus to produce the TiO2 crystallization in the anatase phase, as supported by TGA analysis. The calcined structure, magnetically filtered to select the Fe3O4–TiO2 nanostructure, was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the Fe3O4–TiO2 nanostructure basically consists of an ensemble of Fe3O4 cores surrounded by tiny TiO2 aggregates (crystallite size <5 nm) forming an effective shell. The synthesis route and the TiO2 environment do not introduce significant changes in the magnetic response of the magnetite nanoparticles. Thus, magnetic induction heating of magnetic nanoparticles appears as a new tool to reach a versatile calcination process to obtain Fe3O4–TiO2 nanostructures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cao G, Wang Y (2011) Nanostructured and nanomaterials, 2nd edn. World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore
Caruso RA, Antonietti M (2001) Sol–gel nanocoating: an approach to the preparation of structured materials. Chem Mater 13:3272–3282. doi:10.1021/cm001257z
Cervellino A, Frison R, Cernuto G, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N (2014) Lattice parameters and site occupancy factors of magnetite–maghemite core–shell nanoparticles. A critical study. J Appl Cryst 47:1755–1761. doi:10.1107/S1600576714019840
Chaudhuri RG, Paria S (2012) Core/shell nanoparticles: classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chem Rev 112:2373–2433. doi:10.1021/cr100449n
Ciriminna R, Fidalgo A, Pandarus V, Béland F, Ilharco LM, Pagliaro M (2013) The sol–gel route to advanced silica-based materials and recent applications. Chem Rev 113:6592–6620. doi:10.1021/cr300399c
Corten CC, Urban MW (2009) Repairing polymers using oscillating magnetic field. Adv Mater 21:5011–5015. doi:10.1002/adma.200901940
Cotica LF, Santos IA, Girotto EM, Ferri EV, Coelho AA (2010) Surface spin disorder effects in magnetite and poly(thiophene)-coated magnetite nanoparticles. J Appl Phys 108:064327. doi:10.1063/1.3488634
Deniss CL, Ivkov R (2013) Physics of heat generation using magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia. Int J Hyperth 29:715–729. doi:10.3109/02656736.2013.836758
Fernández-García MP, Gorria P, Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Greneche JM, Blanco JA (2011) Onion-like nanoparticles with gamma-Fe core surrounded by a alpha-Fe/Fe-oxide double shell. J Alloys Compd 509:S230–S322. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.12.206
Gleiter H, Schimmel T, Hahn H (2014) Nanostructured solids—from nano-glasses to quantum transistors. Nano Today 9:17–68. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2014.02.008
Goel P, Arora M, Birador AM (2014) Electro-optic switching in iron oxide nanoparticle embedded paramagnetic chiral liquid crystal via magneto-electric coupling. J Appl Phys 115:124905. doi:10.1063/1.4869740
Gómez-Polo C, Larumbe S, Monge M (2014a) Room temperature ferromagnetism and absorption red-shift in nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J Alloys Compd 612:450–455. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.178
Gómez-Polo C, Larumbe S, Monge M (2014b) Magnetically separable photocatalyst Fe3O4/SiO2/N-TiO2 hybrid nanostructures. IEEE Trans Mag 50:2302404. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2323817
Goss CJ (1988) Saturation magnetisation, coercivity and lattice parameter changes in the system Fe3O4–γFe2O3, and their relationship to structure. Phys Chem Miner 16:1164–1171. doi:10.1007/BF00203200
Goya GF, Berquó TS, Fonseca FC, Morales MP (2003) Static and dynamic magnetic properties of spherical magnetite nanoparticles. J Appl Phys 94:3520–3528. doi:10.1063/1.1599959
Gu D, Schüth F (2014) Synthesis of non-siliceous mesoporous oxides. Chem Soc Rev 43:313–314. doi:10.1039/C3CS60155B
Jhaveri A, Deshpande P, Torchilin V (2014) Stimuli-sensitive nanopreparations for combination cancer therapy. J Control Release 190:352–370. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.002
Ke F, Wang L, Zhu J (2015) An efficient room temperature core–shell AgPd@MOF catalyst for hydrogen production from formic acid. Nanoscale 7:1201–1208. doi:10.1039/C4NR07582J
Kozissnik B, Bohorquez AC, Dobson J, Rinaldi C (2013) Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: advances, challenges, and opportunity. Int J Hyperth 29:706–714. doi:10.3109/02656736.2013.837200
Larumbe S, Pérez-Landazábal JI, Pastor JM, Gómez-Polo C (2012a) Sol–gel NiFe2O4 nanoparticles: effect of the silica coating. J Appl Phys 111:103911. doi:10.1063/1.4720079
Larumbe S, Gómez-Polo C, Pérez-Landazábal JI, Pastor JM (2012b) Effect of a SiO2 coating on the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. J Phys Condens Matter 24:266007. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/24/26/266007
Larumbe S, Monge M, Gómez-Polo C (2015) Comparative study of (N, Fe) doped TiO2 photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci 327:490–497. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.11.137
Laurent S, Dutz S, Häfeli UO, Mahmoudi M (2011) Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 166:8–23. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.003
Li W, Zhao D (2013) Extension of the Stöber method to construct mesoporous SiO2 and TiO2 shells for uniform multifunctional core–shell structures. Adv Mater 25:142–149. doi:10.1002/adma.201203547
Liu JJ, Qiao SZ, Hu QH, Lu GQ (2011) Magnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structures: synthesis and applications. Small 7(2011):425–443. doi:10.1002/smll.201001402
Lucia O, Maussion P, Dede EJ, Burdío JM (2014) Induction heating technology and its applications: past developments, current technology, and future challenges. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61:2504–2520. doi:10.1109/TIE.2013.2281162
Macwan DP, Dave PN, Chaturvedi S (2011) A review on nano-TiO2 sol–gel type syntheses and its applications. J Mater Sci 46:3669–3686. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5378-y
Morosanova EI (2012) Silica and silica–titania sol–gel materials: synthesis and analytical application. Talanta 102:114–122. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.043
Ogi T, Nandiyanto ABD, Okuyama K (2014) Nanostructuring strategies in functional fine-particle synthesis towards resource and energy saving applications. Adv Powder Technol 25:3–17. doi:10.1016/j.apt.2013.11.005
Parras M, Varela A, Cortés-Gil R, Boulahya K, Hernando A, González-Calbet JM (2013) Room temperature ferromagnetism in reduced rutile TiO2. Phys Chem Lett 4:2171–2176. doi:10.1021/jz401115q
Tobaldi DM, Pullar RC, Gualteri AF, Belen Jorge A, Binions R, McMillan PF, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2015) Influence of sol counter-ions on the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation and microstructure of nanocrystalline TiO2. CrystEngComm 17:1813–1825. doi:10.1039/c4ce02494j
Tonejc AM, Dejerdj I, Tonejc A (2002) An analysis of evolution of grain size-lattice parameters dependence in nanocrystalline TiO2 anatase. Mater Sci Eng C 19:85–89. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(01)00447-7
Vázquez-Vázquez C, López-Quintela MA, Buján-Núñez MC, Rivas J (2011) Finite size and surface effects on the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 13:1663–1676. doi:10.1007/s11051-010-9920-7
Verges MA, Costo R, Roca AG, Marco JF, Goya GF, Serna CJ, Morales MP (2008) Uniform and water stable magnetite nanoparticles with diameters around the monodomain-multidomain limit. J Phys D Appl Phys 41:134003. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/13/134003
Wang CC, Ying YY (1999) Sol–gel synthesis and hydrothermal processing of anatase and rutile titania nanocrystals. Chem Mater 11:3113–3120
Wei S, Wang Q, Zhu J, Sun L, Lin H, Guo Z (2011) Multifunctional composite core–shell nanoparticles. Nanoscale 3:4474–4502. doi:10.1039/C1NR11000D
Acknowledgments
This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” under projects MAT2013-47811-C2-1-R and MAT 2014-55049-C2-R. The authors would like to acknowledge J.M. Pastor for the assistance in the experimental procedure.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gómez-Polo, C., Larumbe, S., Barquín, L.F. et al. Magnetic induction heating as a new tool for the synthesis of Fe3O4–TiO2 nanoparticle systems. J Nanopart Res 18, 118 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3426-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3426-x