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Novel high-speed reconfigurable FPGA architectures for EMD-based image steganography

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Abstract

Exploiting modification direction (EMD)-based image steganography algorithm has higher embedding efficiency, low distortion, and best security that finds application in secure communication, data protection, access control in digital content distribution, etc., EMD steganography encapsulates secret digit represented in (2n + 1)-ary notational system by increasing or decreasing one of the n cover pixels by one. New high-speed reconfigurable architectures and field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of EMD based image steganography algorithms have been proposed. Although, earlier work on FPGA implementation of steganography algorithms offer higher speed, low chip area, and better throughput it usually operates on a fixed number of pixels. The proposed system works well for both arbitrary numbers of pixel groups and variable image resolution. The developed system is capable of embedding a secret message from two to eight-pixel groups with an image resolution of 512 × 512 pixels at a real-time video rate of 549 frames/s.. The complete design is implemented using RTL compliant Verilog code which fits into a single FPGA/ASIC chip with a gate density of two million gates.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, India

    K. Sathish Shet

  2. Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

    A. R. Aswath

  3. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru, India

    M. C. Hanumantharaju

  4. School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

    Xiao-Zhi Gao

Authors
  1. K. Sathish Shet
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  2. A. R. Aswath
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  3. M. C. Hanumantharaju
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  4. Xiao-Zhi Gao
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Correspondence to K. Sathish Shet.

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Shet, K.S., Aswath, A.R., Hanumantharaju, M.C. et al. Novel high-speed reconfigurable FPGA architectures for EMD-based image steganography. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 18309–18338 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7187-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7187-2

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