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Opportunities and obstacles for the melanoma immunotherapy using T cell and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) applications: a literature review

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Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy procedure includes taking personal T cells and processing or genetic engineering using specific antigens and in vitro expanding and eventually infusing into the patient’s body to unleash immune responses. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) includes lymphocytes taking, in vitro selection and expansion and processing for stimulation or activation and infusion into the patient’s body. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), ACT and CAR-T cell therapies have demonstrated acceptable results. However, rare CAR-T cells tissue infiltration, off-target toxicity and resistance development include main disadvantages of CAR-T cell based therapy. Selection of suitable target antigens and novel engineered immune cells are warranted in future studies using “surfaceome” analysis. Employment of cytokines (IL-2, IL-7) for T cells activation has been also associated with specific anti-melanoma function which overcome telomeres shortening and further T cells differentiation. In resistant cases, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma B-type and mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors have been mostly applied. The aim of this study was evaluation of CAR-T cell and adoptive cell therapies efficiency for the treatment of melanoma.

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Abbreviations

CAR-T cell:

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell

ICIs:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

ACT:

Adoptive cell therapy

BRAF:

Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma B-type

MEK:

Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase

FDA:

Food and drug administration

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4

MADAs:

Multiple antigen delivery approaches

PD-1:

Anti-programmed cell death 1

LAG-3:

Lymphocyte activation gene-3

CVA21:

Oncolytic cold virus

T-VEC:

Talimogene laherparepvec herpes virus

IFN-α:

Interferon-α

IL:

Interleukin

DCs:

Dendritic cells

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

IDO1:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

LAG3:

Lymphocyte-activation gene 3

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

SALT:

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

NK:

Natural killer

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

TLSs:

Tertiary lymphoid structures

SK1:

Sphingosine kinase-1

TIL:

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CSPG4:

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4

OV:

Oncolytic virus

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Maryam Bahmanyar, Mohammad Kazem Vakil, Seyed Amin Kouhpayeh, Hosein Mansoori, Yaser Mansoori, Afsaneh Salahi, Ghasem Nikfar, Esmaeil Behmard, Ali Moravej & Abdolmajid Ghasemian

  2. Department of Radiological Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq

    Ghaidaa Raheem Lateef Al-Awsi

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Seyed Amin Kouhpayeh

  4. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran

    Alireza Tavassoli

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Bahmanyar, M., Vakil, M.K., Al-Awsi, G.R.L. et al. Opportunities and obstacles for the melanoma immunotherapy using T cell and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) applications: a literature review. Mol Biol Rep 49, 10627–10633 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07633-5

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