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The functional significance and cross-talk of non-coding RNAs in triple negative and quadruple negative breast cancer

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Abstract

One of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide is breast cancer, among which triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant and lethal subtype. This cancer accounts for 10–20% of all breast cancer deaths. Proliferation, tumorigenesis, and prognosis of TNBC are affected when the androgen receptor (AR) is not expressed, and it is classified as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC). Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a significant role in tumorigenesis by virtue of their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties. To regulate tumorigenesis, miRNAs interact with their target mRNAs and modulate their expression, whereas lncRNAs can either act alone or interact with miRNAs or other molecules through various signaling pathways. Conversely, circRNAs regulate tumorigenesis by acting as miRNA sponges predominantly. Recently, non-coding RNAs were studied comprehensively for their roles in tumor proliferation, progression, and metastasis. As a result of existing studies and research progress, non-coding RNAs have been implicated in TNBC, necessitating their use as biomarkers for future diagnostic applications. In this review, the non-coding RNAs are explicitly implicated in the regulation of breast cancer, and their cross-talk between TNBC and QNBC is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

ABC:

ATP-binding cassette

AR:

Androgen receptor

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BC:

Breast cancer

ceRNA:

Competing endogenous RNA

circRNA:

Circular RNA

EMT:

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

ER:

Estrogen receptor

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

LAR:

Luminal androgen receptor

lncRNA:

Long non-coding RNA

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MRE:

MiRNA recognition elements

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA

NAC:

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

ORF:

Open reading frame

PR:

Progesterone receptor

QNBC:

Quadruple negative breast cancer

RBP:

RNA-binding proteins

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

TME:

Tumour microenvironment

TNBC:

Triple negative breast cancer

UTR:

Untranslated regions

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  1. School of Bio Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    Utpalendu Paul & Satarupa Banerjee

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Paul, U., Banerjee, S. The functional significance and cross-talk of non-coding RNAs in triple negative and quadruple negative breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 49, 6899–6918 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07288-2

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