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The burning furnace: Alteration in lipid metabolism in cancer-associated cachexia

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Abstract

Cancer cachexia can be defined as a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by weight loss, anorexia, and emaciation due to the wasting of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. In the last decade, much research has been done to decipher the role of lipid metabolism in cancer cachexia. Tumors, as well as host-derived factors, cause major metabolic changes in the body. Metabolic changes lead to higher energy expenditure by the host. To meet the high energy demand, the host utilizes fat depots stored in adipose tissues by a process known as lipolysis. High catabolic and low anabolic response leads to loss of adipose tissue. A significant insight has been made regarding adipose tissue "browning" bestow on thermogenic activities of adipocytes that result in catabolic energy expenditure. Both lipolysis and WAT browning play an important role in exhaustion adipose tissue. The goal of this review is to summarise what is currently known and about altered lipid metabolism and its utilization in cancer cachexia.

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Abbreviations

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

AT:

Adipose tissue

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

ATGL:

Adipose triglyceride lipase

BAT:

Brown adipose tissue

β1-AR:

β1 Adrenergic receptor

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

FFA:

Free fatty acid

FDG:

Fluorodeoxyglucose

GPLR:

G protein-linked receptors

GSK-3b:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3b

HSL:

Hormone sensitive lipase

IL-6:

Intraleukin-6

LDL:

Low density protein

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

MAPK:

P42/44mitogen-activated protein kinase

MAG:

Monoacylglycerol

PTHrP:

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PGE:

Prostaglandin E

PKA:

Protein kinase A

Prdm 16:

PR domain containing 16

Ppar:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

REE:

Resting energy expenditure

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

TAG:

Triacylglycerol

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

TLR:

Toll like receptor

UCP1:

Uncoupling protein 1

VLDL:

Very low density protein

ZAG:

Zinc-α2 -glycoprotein

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Acknowledgement

This manuscript is a part of PhD thesis of Mit Joshi, to be submitted to Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India and authors are thankful to Nirma University for providing required support for the same.

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    Mit Joshi & Bhoomika M. Patel

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Joshi, M., Patel, B.M. The burning furnace: Alteration in lipid metabolism in cancer-associated cachexia. Mol Cell Biochem 477, 1709–1723 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-022-04398-0

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