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Thermal analysis of heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal collectors: a review

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Abstract

In this article, the thermal analyses of heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal collectors are reviewed. Initially, the energy balance equations used for modelling the photovoltaic-thermal collectors are described. Further, the equations used for evaluating the thermodynamic performance of heat pump systems are listed. Then, the reviews of reported investigations on thermal analysis of heat pumps using photovoltaic-thermal collectors are presented. The studies reported in the open literature are grouped into six major sections such as photovoltaic-thermal air collectors, photovoltaic-thermal liquid collectors, direct expansion photovoltaic-thermal collectors, photovoltaic-thermal collectors as condensers, control of heat pumps using renewable energy and future environmentally friendly refrigerant options. The performances of the various photovoltaic-thermal collector configurations are described. The major limitations associated with existing configurations are identified, and further research scopes in this field are listed. Finally, this paper concludes that the heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal collectors are having good potential for drying, water heating and space heating applications. The information presented in this paper is more beneficial to the researchers working on heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal collectors.

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Abbreviations

A :

Surface area (m2)

a :

Diode ideality factor

c :

Specific heat (kJ kg−1 K−1)

D :

Diameter (m)

ex:

Specific exergy (kJ kg−1)

\( {\dot{\text{E}}\text{x}} \) :

Exergy rate (kW)

E :

Energy consumption of the compressor per day (kWh)

e gap :

Band gap of the material (1.17 eV for Si materials)

G :

Global solar radiation (W m−2)

I :

Current heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

h :

Enthalpy (kJ kg−1)

L :

Refrigerant leakage from the system (%)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

K :

Boltzmann constant

\( \dot{m} \) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

m :

Mass of refrigerant used in the system (kg)

M :

Mass (kg)

n :

Running time (h)

N s :

Number of cells in series of the photovoltaic module

N :

Speed of compressor (rpm); life of the system (years)

s :

Specific entropy (kJ kg−1 K−1)

Q :

Heat transfer (W)

q :

Electron charge (assumed as 1.60217733 × 10−19 °C)

R :

Resistance

T :

Temperature (°C or K)

t :

Time

\( \dot{W} \) :

Compressor power consumption (W)

v :

Wind velocity (m·s-1)

α :

Absorption coefficient; refrigerant recycling factor

β :

Carbon dioxide emission factor (kg of CO2 kWh−1)

ϵ :

Emissivity

µ I,SC :

Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current (A °C−1)

τ :

Transmission coefficient

σ :

Stefan–Boltzman constant (5.68 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4)

δ :

Thickness (m)

η :

Efficiency (%)

χ i :

Relative irreversibility

PV-T:

Photovoltaic-thermal

PV:

Photovoltaic

GWP:

Global warming potential

COP:

Coefficient of performance

SMER:

Specific moisture extraction rate

SEIPR:

Solar energy input ratio

0:

Dead state

1–4:

Adhesive

ad:

State of refrigerants at typical locations in heat pump circuit (Fig. 3)

a:

Ambient

ad:

Adhesive

ap:

Absorber plate

ap-t:

Absorber plate to tube

ap-i:

Absorber plate to insulation

cond, o:

Condenser outlet

cond, i:

Condenser inlet

comp:

Compressor

cond:

Condenser

C:

Collector

c:

Cell

c, ref:

Cell, reference

c, g-a:

Convective glass to ambient

c, i-a:

Convection, insulation-ambient

conv:

Convection

d:

Diode

dis:

Displacement

D:

Diode

ev:

Expansion valve

ele:

Electrical

eva:

Evaporator

f:

Fluid

g:

Glass

g-pv:

Glass to photovoltaic cell

in:

Inlet

i:

Insulation, number of components

i-t:

Insulation tube

l:

Light

L:

Light

L, ref:

Light, reference

m:

Maximum

mech:

Mechanical

mp:

Maximum power point

oc:

Open circuit

o:

Overall

o, ref:

Saturation at reference condition

out:

Outlet

pv:

Photovoltaic

pl:

Plate

pv-t:

Photovoltaic-thermal

r:

Refrigerants

r-g-a:

Radiative glass–ambient

r-i-a:

Radiation, insulation-ambient

rad:

Radiation

ref:

Reference condition (solar irradiation = 1000 W m−2; cell temperature 298 K)

sc:

Short circuit

sc-ref:

Short circuit–eference

s:

Series

t:

Tube

t-r:

Tube–refrigerant

the:

Thermal

vol:

Volumetric

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank Department of Science and Technology (Government of India), New Delhi, for providing research funding to the project titled Development, testing and standardization of heat pump water heaters using solar photovoltaic-thermal hybrid evaporators (ref. no.: DST/TMD/CERI/C47(G); dated 29/07/2017).

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India

    A. James, M. Srinivas & S. Jayaraj

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641032, India

    M. Mohanraj

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James, A., Mohanraj, M., Srinivas, M. et al. Thermal analysis of heat pump systems using photovoltaic-thermal collectors: a review. J Therm Anal Calorim 144, 1–39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09431-2

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