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A comprehensive review on nanofluid operated solar flat plate collectors

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Abstract

The impact of population explosion and continuous upsurge on energy demand has resulted in the intimidating depletion of fossil fuel resources, increased environmental pollution, and elevated production and consumption cost. Hence, in the past two decades the demand for renewable energy has escalated. The solar energy is the most trending topic when talking about renewable energy sources, because of its ease of availability, reduced dependence on foreign fuels and negligible maintenance. This can be directly harnessed unlike other renewable energy sources. A solar flat plate collector converts the radiant solar energy from the sun into thermal energy; usually, copper or aluminium is used as heat absorbing material. However, to further enhance the performance and thermophysical properties of the heat exchanger liquids of flat plate solar collectors like radiative heat transfer and thermal conductivity, the nanofluids are used. The use of nanofluids as an innovative type of working fluids is reasonably a new development in solar flat plate collectors. They are prepared by mixing low concentration of solid particles, sized 1–100 nm with the base fluid. The objectives of this review paper is to recapitulate the investigations carried in the field of solar flat plate collectors using a range of nanofluids, the performance analysis of various flat plate collectors using numerous nanofluids and the challenges faced in developing an efficient thermal collector using nanofluids. Furthermore, the article discusses the opportunities for future research.

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Abbreviations

A c :

Collector area (m2)

ASHRAE:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers

C p :

Specific heat of fluid (J kg−1 K−1)

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CTAB:

Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide

d :

Diameter of tube (m)

DASC:

Direct absorption solar collector

EG:

Ethylene glycol

\({\dot{\text{E}}\text{x}}\) :

Exergy rate (J kg−1 s−1)

FPSC:

Flat plate solar collector

F R :

Heat removal factor

GNP:

Graphene nanoplatelet

G S :

Absorbed solar energy per m2

G T :

Incident solar radiation (W m−2)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

L :

Length of tube (m)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

PEG 400:

Polyethylene glycol 400

PVD:

Physical vapor deposition

Q u :

Useful energy gain

SDBS:

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

\(\dot{S}_{\text{gen}}\) :

Entropy generation rate (J kg−1 K−1 s−1)

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

T a :

Ambient temperature (K)

T i :

Inlet fluid temperature (K)

T o :

Outlet fluid temperature (K)

T s :

Light source temperature (K)

U L :

Overall heat loss

V :

Velocity of fluid flowing (L min−1)

\(\alpha\) :

Absorptance of absorber plate

\(\rho\) :

Density of fluid

\(\tau\) :

Transmittance of glass cover

\(\eta_{\text{c}}\) :

Collector efficiency

µ :

Dynamic viscosity (Pa-s)

bf:

Base fluid

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticles

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Acknowledgements

The first author wishes to thank Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) for funding his Ph.D. study through a scholarship. The authors gratefully acknowledge UMRG grant RP045C-17AET, UM Research University Grant GPF050A-2018 and University of Malaya, Malaysia, for the support to conduct this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Naveed Akram, S. N. Kazi, Mohd Nashrul Mohd Zubir, Mohd Ridha, Waqar Ahmed, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Mazdak Arzpeyma

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, 10250, Pakistan

    Naveed Akram

  3. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Rad Sadri

  4. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Rad Sadri

  5. Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Mohd Ridha

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  1. Naveed Akram
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Akram, N., Sadri, R., Kazi, S.N. et al. A comprehensive review on nanofluid operated solar flat plate collectors. J Therm Anal Calorim 139, 1309–1343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08514-z

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