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Mechanochemical reaction of TiO2 with β-alanine for the preparation of visible light active nitrogen doped titania: adsorption and kinetic studies

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Abstract

Nitrogen doped TiO2 (TiO2−xNx) with a homogenous anatase phase was synthesized, using β-alanine as a nitrogen precursor and ethanol as a oxygen depriving agent in the concentration range of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.2 at% and were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and UV–visible Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopic (DRS) techniques. Ethanol deprives the surface oxygen, thereby generating oxygen defects whose concentration was evaluated by FTIR, Photoluminescence (PL) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) studies. FTIR analysis reveal that concentration of oxygen vacancies/defects (Vo) decreases as the nitrogen concentration increases leading to the reduction in the Ti–O bond length. This results in a shift of the IR absorption peak towards a low wave number as predicted by simple physical harmonic oscillator model. The Ti 2p3/2 XPS spectra of TiO2−xNx shifts to lower binding energies due to the increase in the electron densities around the Ti atoms indicating the formation of Ti3+ in the doped samples. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms measurements show a slight increase in the Brunner–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area, pore diameter, mesopore volume, while the crystallite size and the morphology were also effected by the nitrogen doping. The equilibrium adsorption of Toluene molecules on the photocatalyst surface follows Langmuir theory and the rate controlling step could be the surface reaction of the adsorbed Toluene molecules.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the financial support from University Grants Commission (UGC) and Department of Science and Technology (DST). K. Eraiah Rajashekhar acknowledge the UGC for awarding RFSMS Fellowship. We immensely thank Prof. Vishnu Kamath (Department of Chemistry) and Prof. S. Ranganath (University Visveshvarayya College of Engineering) Bangalore University for recording the PXRD pattern and SEM.

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  1. Department of Post Graduate Studies in Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College City Campus, Dr. Ambedkar street, Bangalore, 560001, India

    L. Gomathi Devi & K. Eraiah Rajashekhar

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  1. L. Gomathi Devi
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Correspondence to L. Gomathi Devi.

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Gomathi Devi, L., Eraiah Rajashekhar, K. Mechanochemical reaction of TiO2 with β-alanine for the preparation of visible light active nitrogen doped titania: adsorption and kinetic studies. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 60, 144–158 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2570-0

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