Abstract
The isotactic polypropylene/carbon black (iPP/CB) and the long-chain branched polypropylene/carbon black (LCBPP/CB) composite melts with the melt blending method and the solution process were chosen in this paper to know the relationship between rheological and electrical percolation process and learn the evolution and the destruction of rheological network. The more rheological percolation threshold than electrical percolation threshold in iPP/CB composites and the less rheological percolation threshold than electrical percolation threshold in LCBPP/CB composites are mainly attributed to the two kinds of mechanisms governing the electrical network and the rheological network. The agglomeration of CB particles which is accelerated by annealing at elevated temperatures promotes the self-perfection of rheological network. The strong interaction between the polar long-chain branched structure and filler also led to the reduced tp. The network of LCBPP/CB composites is more difficult to be broken than the network of iPP/CB composites with the solution process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Vacca P, Nenna G, Miscioscia R, Palumbo D, Minarini C, Sala DD (2009) Patterned organic and inorganic composites for electronic applications. J Phys Chem C 113:5777–5783
Nogueira AF, Lomba BS, Soto-Oviedo MA, Correia CRD, Corio P, Furtado CA et al (2007) Polymer solar cells using single-wall carbon nanotubes modified with thiophene pedant groups. J Phys Chem C 111:18431–18438
Guo Z, Lee SE, Kim H, Park S, Hahn HT, Karki AB et al (2009) Fabrication, characterization and microwave properties of polyurethane nanocomposites reinforced with iron oxide and barium titanate nanoparticles. Acta Mater 57:267–277
Shimada T, Ookubo K, Komuro N, Shimizu T, Uehara N (2007) Blue-to-red chromatic sensor composed of gold nanoparticles conjugated with thermoresponsive copolymer for thiol sensing. Langmuir 23:11225–11232
Wen Z, Ci S, Li J (2009) Pt nanoparticles inserting in carbon nanotube arrays: nanocomposites for glucose biosensors. J Phys Chem C 113:13482–13487
Guo Z, Park S, Hahn HT, Wei S, Moldovan M, Karki AB et al (2007) Giant magnetoresistance behavior of an iron/carbonized polyurethane nanocomposite. Appl Phys Lett 90:053111
Guo Z, Hahn HT, Lin H, Karki AB, Young DP (2008) Magnetic and magnetoresistance behaviors of particulate iron/vinyl ester resin nanocomposites. J Appl Phys 104:014314
Kim P, Doss NM, Tillotson JP, Hotchkiss PJ, Pan M-J, Marder SR et al (2009) High energy density nanocomposites based on surface-modified BaTiO3 and a ferroelectric polymer. ACS Nano 3:2581–2592
Zhang Q, Archer LA (2002) Poly (ethylene oxide)/silica nanocomposites: structure and rheology. Langmuir 18:10435–10442
Cassagnau P (2008) Melt rheology of organoclay and fumed silica nanocomposites. Polymer 49:2183–2196
Du F, Scogna RC, Zhou W, Brand S, Fischer JE, Winey KI (2004) Nanotube networks in polymer nanocomposites: rheology and electrical conductivity. Macromolecules 37:9048–9055
Pötschke P, Abdel-Goad M, Alig I et al (2004) Rheological and dielectrical characterization of melt mixed polycarbonate-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Polymer 45:8863–8870
Wu G, Lin J, Zheng Q (2006) Correlation between percolation behavior of electricity and viscoelasticity for graphite filled high density polyethylene. Polymer 47:2442–2447
Huang S, Liu Z, Yin C, Wang Y, Gao Y, Chen C, Yang M (2012) Dynamic electrical and rheological percolation in isotactic poly(propylene)/carbon black composites. Macromol Mater Eng 279:51–59
Zhang C, Wang P, Ma CA, Wu GZ, Sumita M (2006) Temperature and time dependence of conductive network formation: dynamic percolation and percolation time. Polymer 47:466–73
Katada A, Konishi Y, Isogai T, Tominaga Y, Asai S, Sumita M (2003) Dynamic percolation phenomenon of poly (methyl methacrylate)/surface fluorinated carbon black composite. J Appl Polym Sci 89:1151–5
Bӧhm GGA, Nguyen MN (1995) Flocculation of carbon black in filled rubber compounds. I. Flocculation occurring in unvulcanized compounds during annealing at elevated temperatures. J Appl Polym Sci 55:1041–50
Cipriano BH, Kota AK, Gershon AL, Laskowski CJ, Kashiwagi T, Bruck HA et al (2008) Conductivity enhancement of carbon nanotube and nanofiber-based polymer nanocomposites by melt annealing. Polymer 49:4846–51
Wu GZ, Asai S, Sumita M (2002) Carbon black as a self-diagnosing probe to trace polymer dynamics in highly filled compositions. Macromolecules 35:1708–13
Sternstein SS, Zhu AJ (2002) Reinforcement mechanism of nanofilled polymer melts as elucidated by nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Macromolecules 35:7262–7273
Frohlich J, Niedermeier W, Luginsland HD (2005) The effect of filler–filler and filler–elastomer interaction on rubber reinforcement. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 36:449–460
Zhu ZY, Thompson T, Wang SQ, Meerwall ED, Halasa A (2005) Investigating linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior using model silica-particle-filled polybutadiene. Macromolecules 38:8816–8824
Kim KY, Nam GJ, Lee JW (2007) Continuous extrusion of long-chain-branched polypropylene/clay nanocomposites with high-intensity ultrasonic waves. Compos Interfaces 14:533–544
Yoon KH, Park S, Kim YC (2012) Study of the rheological properties and crystallization behavior of branched PP/silicate composites. Polym J 44:1098–1104
Cassagnau P, Melis F (2003) Non-linear viscoelastic behaviour and modulus recovery in silica filled polymers. Polymer 44:6607–6615
Balberg I (2002) A comprehensive picture of the electrical phenomena in carbon black–polymer composites. Carbon 40:139–143
Skipa T, Lellinger D, Bohm W, Saphiannikova W, Alig I (2010) Influence of shear deformation on carbon nanotube networks in polycarbonate melts: interplay between build-up and destruction of agglomerates. Polymer 51:201–210
Acknowledgments
This paper is supported by the financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (51373109, 51121001). The authors are also grateful to the State Key Laboratory Special Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Lv, Y. et al. Rheological behaviors and electrical conductivity of long-chain branched polypropylene/carbon black composites with different methods. J Polym Res 22, 119 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-015-0751-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-015-0751-1