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Disentangling Support for Violent and Non-violent Radicalization among Adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis

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Abstract

Although support for violent and non-violent radicalization can co-occur, only a few adolescents who support non-violent radicalization also support or engage in violent acts. Yet, little is known about what factors are associated with adolescents’ paths towards or away from violent and/or non-violent radicalization. Within a socio-ecological and positive youth development framework, this study investigates profiles of support for violent and non-violent radicalization among adolescents attending high schools in Quebec (Canada) and whether such profiles are differently associated with experiences of social adversity, school-, family- and peer-related factors and psychological distress. Adolescents (N = 1911; Mage = 15.7; SDage = 0.98; 48.7% girls) completed an online survey during school hours. A Latent Profile Analysis on scores of support for violent and non-violent radicalization was conducted. A multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the associations between profiles and variables of interest. We identified six profiles of adolescents. The heterogeneity of profiles suggested multiple and complex combinations of support for violent and non-violent radicalization as well as their co-existence in some but not all profiles. Adolescents who reported less discrimination, more positive school experiences and more family support were less likely to belong to profiles that supported violence. Primary prevention efforts in the field of support for violent radicalization must adopt a socio-ecological and social justice approach and consider the diversity of adolescents’ profiles, attitudes and experiences.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the schools that participated in our research as well as all participants for their time and contribution. We are grateful to the Editor and Reviewers for their constructive comments and feedback in the revision process.

Funding

Our work is funded by an Insight Development grant awarded to DM by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC).

Data Sharing Declaration

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Data analysis script in R can be found in the supplemental material.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Educational Psychology and Adult Education, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Diana Miconi

  2. Department of Sociology, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Aoudou Njingouo Mounchingam

  3. Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy

    Michela Zambelli

  4. Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Cécile Rousseau

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  1. Diana Miconi
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Contributions

D.M. conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination and drafted the manuscript; ANM performed the statistical analyses and helped to draft the manuscript; M.Z. participated in the methodological design of the study, supervised statistical analyses and critically revised multiple versions of the manuscript; C.R. participated in the interpretation of the data, helped to draft the manuscript and critically revised multiple versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Diana Miconi.

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All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the involved school boards and by the Committee on Ethics in Educational and Psychological Research at the University of Montréal (#CEREP-22-123-D).

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Miconi, D., Njingouo Mounchingam, A., Zambelli, M. et al. Disentangling Support for Violent and Non-violent Radicalization among Adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis. J. Youth Adolescence (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01988-7

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