Abstract
Given its intense seismic activity and damaging earthquake generation potential, the western part of the North Anatolian Fault constitutes a serious natural hazard. As a result, the fault is monitored with a broad range of seismological and geodetic instrumentation making it a natural laboratory environment for scientific studies. One of the long-term projects in this region is GONAF (Geophysical Borehole Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault) which is the first borehole seismometer network project in Turkey. GONAF is a joint research project that started in 2011 as joint initiative of the Turkish Ministry of Interior, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD and GFZ and the German Research Center for Geoscience Helmholtz Center Potsdam. The aim of GONAF is to detect, examine, and monitor the microseismic activity in the region and to observe the physical processes before, during and after a large Marmara earthquake (M > 7.0) that is expected to rupture the western part of the North Anatolian Fault, below the Marmara Sea along the Princes Islands segment or even further to the west. For this purpose, the permanent GONAF observatory was established consisting of 7 borehole seismometer arrays installed down to a depth of 300 m. In this paper, we report on regional stress changes in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using instrumental data and the Coulomb stress method. We also present preliminary results of the observation and evaluation of microseismic activity obtained from the GONAF observatory. For the automatic evaluation of real-time data, Seiscomp3, RTQUAKE, and Earthworm Softwares were used. Within the scope of automatic earthquake detection studies, between March, 2016 and November, 2017, a total of 2568 earthquakes were detected using the RTQUAKE software. Of these, 1459 could be analyzed. While the magnitude of the analyzed earthquakes varies between 0.8 and 4.2, the depth of these events ranges from 2 to 30 km.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alsan E, Tezuçan L, Bath M (1975) An earthquake catalogue for Turkey for the İnterval 1913-1970, Kandilli observatory seismological department, Çengelköy-İstanbul, Turkey and seismological institute box 517, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (ALS75)
Ambraseys NN (2002) The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region over the last 2000 years. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(1):1–18
Ambraseys NN, Finkel CF (1995) The seismicity of Turkey and adjacent areas—a historical review, 1500–1800. Muhittin Salih Eren, İstanbul
Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys J Int 133:390–406 (AMS98)
Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (2000) Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. Geophys J Int 141:F1–F6
Armijo R, Meyer B, Hubert A, Barka A (1999) Westward propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: timing and kinematics. Geology 27:267–270
Armijo R, Meyer B, Navarro S, King G, Barka A (2002) Asymmetric slip partitioning in the sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian fault? Terra Nova 14:80–86. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x
Armijo R, Pondard N, Meyer B, Uçarkus G, de Lépinay BM, Malavieille J, Dominguez S, Gustcher MA, Schmidt S, Beck C, Çağatay N (2005) Submarine fault scarps in the sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): implications for seismic hazard in Istanbul. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 6:Q06009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000896
Ayhan E, Alsan E, Sancaklı N, Üçer SB (1981) Türkiye ve Dolayları Deprem Kataloğu (1881-1980) An Earthquake Cataloque for Turkey and Surrounding Area, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 126 s (AYH81)
Bagge M, Hampel A (2016) Three-dimensional finite-element modelling of coseismic Coulomb stress changes on intra-continental dip-slip faults. Tectonophysics 684:52–62
Başarır Baştürk N, Özel NM, Altınok Y ve Duman TY (2017) Türkiye ve yakın çevresi için geliştirilmiş tarihsel dönem (MÖ 2000 - MS 1900-) deprem katalogu. Türkiye Sismotektonik Haritası Açıklama Kitabı. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Yayınlar Serisi-34, 239 s. Ankara-Türkiye
Bayrakci G, Laigle M, Becel A, Hirn A, Taymaz T, Cevikbilen YS, SEISMARMARA team (2013) 3-D sediment-basement tomography of the northern Marmara trough by a dense OBS network at the nodes of a grid of controlled source profiles along the North Anatolian fault. Geophys J Int. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt211
Bilham R, Ozener H, Mencin D, Dogru A, Ergintav S, Cakir Z, Aytun A, Aktug B, Yilmaz O, Johnson W, Mattioli G (2016) Surface creep on the North Anatolian Fault at Ismetpasa, Turkey, 1944–2016. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013394
Bohnhoff M, Bulut F, Dresen G, Malin PE, Eken T, Aktar M (2013) an earthquake gap south of İstanbul, Nature Communications, Article Number: 1999
Bohnhoff M, Martınez-Garzon P, Bulut F, Stierle E, Ben-Zion Y (2016) Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone, Tectonophysics, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.028
Bohnhoff M, Dresen G, Çeken U, Kadirioglu FT, Kartal RF, Kılıç T, Nurlu M, Yanık K, Acarel D, Bulut F, Ito H, Johnson W, Malin PE, Mencin D (2017) GONAF – the borehole Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault in the eastern sea of Marmara. Sci Dril 5:1–10
Bohnhoff M, Wollin C, Domigall D, Küperkoch L, Martínez-Garzón P, Kwiatek G, Dresen G, Malin PE (2017b) Repeating Marmara Sea earthquakes: indication for fault creep. Geophys J Int. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx169
Çakır Z, Barka AA, Evren E (2003) Coulomb stress interactions and the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. Turk J Earth Sci 12:91–103
DDA İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Deprem Dairesi Kataloğu (2010–2018) http://www.deprem.gov.tr/sarbis/Veritabani
Duman TY, Çan T, Emre Ö, Kadirioğlu FT, Başarır Baştürk N, Kılıç T, Arslan S, Özalp S, Kartal RF, Kalafat D, Karakaya F, Eroğlu Azak T, Özel NM, Ergintav S, Akkar S, Altınok Y, Tekin S, Cingöz A, Kurt Aİ (2017) Türkiye Sismotektonik Haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü. Özel Yayın Serisi-34, Ankara-Türkiye
Duman TY, Çan T, Emre Ö, Kadirioğlu FT, Başarır Baştürk N, Kılıç T, Arslan S, Özalp S, Kartal RF, Kalafat D, Karakaya F, Eroğlu Azak T, Özel NM, Ergintav S, Akkar S, Altınok Y, Tekin S, Cingöz A, Kurt Aİ (2018) Seismotectonics database of Turkey. Bull Earthq Eng 16:3277–3316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9965-9
Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Elmacı H, Olgun S¸ Şaroğlu F (2013) Active fault map of Turkey mineral research and exploration general directorate, special issue Series-30, Ankara-Turkey
EMSC-CSEM European-Mediterranean Seısmological Centre Catalogue (n.d.) France
Ergintav S, Reilinger RE, Çakmak R, Floyd M, Cakır Z, Doğan U, King RW, McClusky S, Özener H (2014) Istanbul’s earthquake hot spots: geodetic constraints on strain accumulation along faults in the Marmara seismic gap. Geophys Res Lett 41:5783–5788. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060985
Eyidogan H (1988) Rates of crustal deformation in Western Turkey as deduced from major earthquakes. Tectonophysics 148:83–92 (EYI88)
Flerit F, Armijo R, King G, Meyer B (2004) The mechanical interaction between the propagating North Anatolian Fault and the back-arc extension in the Aegean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 224(4):347–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.028
Garzón PM, Bohnhoff M, Mencin D, Kwiatek G, Dresen G, Hodgkinson K, Nurlu M, Kadirioglu FT, Kartal RF (2019) Slow strain release along the eastern Marmara region offshore Istanbul in conjunction with enhanced local seismic moment release. Earth Planet Sci Lett 510:209–218
GCMT The global CMT project, Lamont Doherty earth observatory, Columbia University, USA
Gurbuz C, Aktar M, Eyidogan H, Cisternas A, Haessler H, Barka A, Ergin M, Türkelli N, Polat O, Üçer SB, Kuleli S, Baris S, Kaypak B, Bekler T, Zor E, Bicmen F, Yoruk A (2000) The seismotectonics of the Marmara region (Turkey): results from a microseismic experiment. Tectonophysics 316(1–2):1–17
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1954) Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. ‘Princeton University press, Princeton ( GUT54)
Hanka W, Saul J, Weber B, Becker J, Harjadi P (2010) Fauzi and GITEWS seismology group (2010) real-time earthquake monitoring for tsunami warning in the Indian Ocean and beyond Nat. Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:2611–2622. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2611-2010
Harris RA (1998) Introduction to special section: stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard. J Geophys Res 103:24,347–24,358
Harris RA, Simpson RV, Reasenberg PA (1995) Influence of static stress changes on earthquake locations in southern California. Nature 375:221–224
Havskov J, Ottemoller L (1999) SeisAn Earthquake Analysis Software Seismological. Res Lett (1999) 70(5):532–534. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.5.532
HRVD (1976-2012) The Harvard Centroıd moment tensor catalog, The Global Centroid-Moment-Tensor (GCMT), Project, http://www.globalcmt.org/. Ekström G, Nettles M, Dziewonski AM (2012) The global CMT project 2004-2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes. Phys Earth Planet Inter 200–201:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002
ISC International Seismologıcal Centre Event Catalog (1960-2010) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/catalogue/. Engdahl ER, Di Giacomo D, Sakarya B, Gkarlaouni CG, Harris J, Storchak DA (2020) ISC-EHB 1964-2016, an improved data set for studies of earth structure and global seismicity. Earth Space Sci 7(1):e2019EA000897. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000897
ISC-MT International Seismological Centre Focal Mechanism Catalog (n.d.) http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscbulletin/search/fmechanisms/. Lentas K, Di Giacomo D, Harris J, Storchak DA (2019) The ISC bulletin as a comprehensive source of earthquake source mechanisms, Earth Syst Sci Data 11:565–578. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-565-2019
Johnson CE, Bittenbinder A, Bogaert B, Dietz L, Kohler W (1995) Earthworm: a flexible approach to seismic network processing, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). Newsletter 14:1–4
Kadirioğlu FT, Kartal RF, Kılıç T, Kalafat D, Duman TY, Eroğlu Azak T, Özalp S, Emre Ö (2018) An improved earthquake catalogue (M ≥ 4.0) for Turkey and its near vicinity (1900-2012). Bull Earthq Eng 16(8):3317–3338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0064-8
Kaduri M, Gratier JP, Renard F, Çakır Z, Lasserre C (2017) The implications of fault zone transformation on aseismic creep: example of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013803 “JGR solid earth”
Kalafat D (1998) Anadolu'nun Tektonik Yapılarının Deprem Mekanizmaları tarafından irdelenmesi, (KAL98)
Karabulut H, Schmittbuhl J, Özalaybey S, Lengliné O, Kömeç Mutlu A, Durand V, Bouchon M, Daniel G, Bouin MP (2011) Evolution of the seismicity in the eastern Marmara Sea a decade before and after the 17 august 1999 Izmit earthquake. Tectonophysics 510:17–27
Kılıç T, Kartal RF, Kadirioğlu FT, Duman TY ve Özalp S (2017) Türkiye ve yakın çevresi için düzenlenmiş moment tensor (1906–2012) kataloğu MW ≥ 4,0). Türkiye Sismotektonik Haritası (Ed. T. Y. Duman), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Yayınlar Serisi-34, 261 s. Ankara-Türkiye.
King GCP, Stein RS, Lin J (1994) Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84:935–953
KOERI (2011–2012) Boğaziçi Üni. Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü Kataloğu http://udim.koeri.boun.edu.tr
Le Pichon XL, Şengör AMC, Kende J, İmren C, Henry P, Grall C, Karabulut H (2015) Propagation of a strike-slip plate boundary within an extensional environment: the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. Can J Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0129 Available from: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2015-0129 (Accessed 4 January 2016)
Lin J, Stein RS (2004) Stress triggering in thrust and subduction earthquakes and stress interaction between the southern San Andreas and nearby thrust and strike-slip faults. J Geophys Res 109:B02303. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002607
Lockner DA, Morrow C, Moore D, Hickman S (2011) Low strength of deep San Andreas fault gouge from SAFOD core. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09927
Malin PE, Bohnhoff M, Blümle F, Dresen G, Martinez-Garzon P, Nurlu M, Çeken U, Kadirioğlu FT, Kartal RF, Kılıç T and Yanık K (2018) Microearthquakes preceding a M4.2 Earthquake Offshore Istanbul, Nature Scientific Reports, Article Number: 16176.
Mckenzie D (1972) Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophys J R Astr Soc 30:109–185 (MCK72)
MEDRCMT/RCMT (n.d.) European and Mediterranean Regional Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog.
Okada Y (1985) Surface Deformation due to Shear and Tensile Faults in a Half-Space. Bull Seismol Soc Am 75:1135–1154
Okay A, Demirbag E, Kurt H, Okay N, Kuscu I (1999) An active, deep marine strike-slip basin along the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Tectonics 18:129–147
Parke JR, Minshul TA, Anderson G, White RS, McKenzie D, Kuşçu I, Bull JM, Görür N, Şengör AMC (1999) Active faults in the Sea of Marmara, western Turkey, imaged by seismic reflection profiles. Terra Nova 11:223–227
Parsons T (2004) Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. J Geophy Res 109:B05304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002667
Parsons T, Stein RS, Simpson RW, Reasenberg PA (1999) Stress sensitivity of fault seismicity: a comparison between limited-offset oblique and major strike-slip faults. J Geophys Res 104:20,183–20,202
Parsons T, Toda S, Stein RS, Barka A, Dieterich JH (2000) Heightened odds of large earthquakes near İstanbul: an interaction-based probability calculation. Science 288:661–665
Prevedel B, Bulut F, Bohnhoff F, Raub C, Kartal RF, Alver F, Malin PE (2015) Downhole geophysical observatories: best installation practices and a case history from Turkey Int. J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1147-5
Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrence S, Ergintav S, Cakmak R, Ozener H, Kadirov F, Guliev I, Stepanyan R, Nadariya M, Hahubia G, Mahmoud S, Sakr K, ArRajehi A, Paradissis D, Al-Aydrus A, Prilepin M, Guseva T, Evren E, Dmitrotsa A, Filikov SV, Gomez F, Al-Ghazzi R, Karam G (2006) GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa–Arabia–Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb004051
Smith AD, Oktay F, Taymaz T, Jackson J, Basaran H, Alpar B, Simsek M, Kara S (1995) High resolution seismic profiling in the Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey): late quaternary sedimentation and sea-level changes. Geol Soc Am Bull 107:923–936
Tatar O, Poyraz F, Gursoy H, Cakir Z, Ergintav S, Akpinar Z, Koçbulut F, Sezen F, Türk T, Hastaoğlu KÖ, Polat A, Mesci B, Gürsoy Ö, Ayazli İE, Çakmak R, Belgen A, Yavaşoğlu H (2012) Crustal deformation and kinematics of the eastern part of the North Anatolian fault zone (Turkey) from GPS measurements. Tectonophysics 518:55–62
Taymaz T, Jackson J, Mckenzie D (1991) Active tectonics of the North and Central Aegean Sea. Geophys J Int 106:433–490 Tay_GJI1991a (TAY91)
Toda S, Stein RS (2002) Response of the San Andreas fault to the 1983 Coalinga-Nun˜ez earthquakes: an application of interaction-based probabilities for Parkfield. J Geophys Res 107(B6):2126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000172
Toda S, Stein RS (2013) The 2011 M = 9.0 Tohoku oki earthquake more than doubled the probability of large shocks beneath Tokyo. Geophys Res Lett 40:2562–2566. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50524
Toda S, Stein RS, Richards-Dinger K, Bozkurt S (2005) Forecasting the evolution of seismicity in southern California: animations built on earthquake stress transfer. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003415
Utheim T, Havskov J, Ozyazicioglu M, Rodriguez J, Talavera E (2014) RTQUAKE, A real-time earthquake detection system integrated with SEISAN. Seismol Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130175
Vannucci G, Gasperini P (2004) The new release of the database of earthquake mechanisms of the Mediterranean area (EMMA version 2). Ann Geophys 47:303–327 (EMMA)
Vardar D, Öztürk K, Yaltırak C, Alpar B, Tur H (2013) Late Pleistocene–Holocene evolution of the southern Marmara shelf and sub-basins: middle strand of the North Anatolian fault, southern Marmara Sea, Turkey. Mar Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-013-9210-8
Waldhauser F, Ellsworth W (2000) A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 90(6):1353–1368. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000006
Wollin C, Bohnhoff M, Garzón PM, Küperkoch L, Raub C (2018) A unified earthquake catalog for the Sea of Marmara Region, Turkey, based on automatized phase picking and travel-time inversion: seismotectonic implications. Tectonophysics 747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.05.020
Yaltırak C (2002) Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Mar Geol 190(1–2):493–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00360-2
Yamamoto Y, Takahashi N, Pinar A, Kalafat D, Citak S, Comoglu M, Polat R, Kaneda Y (2017) Geometry and segmentation of the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Marmara Sea, Turkey, deduced from long-term ocean bottom seismographic observations. JGR Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013608
Zoback MD, Zoback ML, Mount VS, Suppe J, Eaton JP, Healy JH, Oppenheimer D, Reasenberg P, Jones L, Raleigh CB, Wong IG, Scotti O, Wentworth C (1987) New evidence on the state of stress of the San Andreas fault system. Science 238:1105–1111
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank both, editor and the reviewers for their valuable scientific and technical comments that improved the manuscript substantially.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kılıç, T., Kartal, R.F., Kadirioğlu, F.T. et al. Geophysical Borehole Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault in the Eastern Sea of Marmara (GONAF): initial results. J Seismol 24, 375–395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-020-09907-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-020-09907-6