Abstract
The use of ionic liquids (ILs) is emerging as innovative strategy for the design of bio-based materials, allowing the creation of more effective, safer and environmentally benign products. They can be preferred to conventional organic solvents because offer the opportunity to drastically reduce undesired by-products. This makes their use suitable to process high value-added proteins from animal source—i.e., wool keratin (WK) and silk fibroin (SF)—toward a more conscious use of renewable and sustainable materials for a variety of green inspired applications. Herein, it is proposed an extended overview of currently used technological approaches to manipulate protein-based materials in different forms (i.e., polymer blends, bio-composites, electro-responsive materials, fibers, or nanoparticles) by using ILs for different bio-sustainable and biomedical applications.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shamshina JL, Berton P, Rogers RD (2019) Advances in functional chitin materials: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:6444–6457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06372
Rybacki K, Love SA, Blessing B et al (2022) Structural and morphological properties of wool keratin and cellulose biocomposites fabricated using ionic liquids. ACS Mater Au 2:21–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00016
Yang J, Lu X, Yao X et al (2019) Inhibiting degradation of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids via amino acids. Green Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc00334g
Salama A, Shukry N, El-Sakhawy M (2015) Carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) hydrogel as adsorbent for dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 73:72–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.002
Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124:4974–4975. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja025790m
Shamshina JL (2019) Chitin in ionic liquids: historical insights into the polymer’s dissolution and isolation. A review. Green Chem 21:3974–3993. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01830a
Tran CD, Prosencyes F, Franko M, Benzi G (2016) Synthesis, structure and antimicrobial property of green composites from cellulose, wool, hair and chicken feather. Carbohydr Polym 151:1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.021
Pereira RFP, Zehbe K, Günter C et al (2018) Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of mesoporous silk fibroin/silica hybrids for biomedical applications. ACS Omega 3:10811–10822. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02051
Hammond OS, Mudring A-V (2022) Ionic liquids and deep eutectics as a transformative platform for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Chem Commun. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC06543B
Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 37:123–150. https://doi.org/10.1039/B006677J
Li Y, Liu X, Zhang Y et al (2017) Why only ionic liquids with unsaturated heterocyclic cations can dissolve cellulose: a simulation study. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:3417–3428. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00073
Silva SS, Santos TC, Cerqueira MT et al (2012) The use of ionic liquids in the processing of chitosan/silk hydrogels for biomedical applications. Green Chem 14:1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2gc16535j
Salama A, Hasanin M, Hesemann P (2020) Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of new chitosan derivatives containing guanidinium groups. Carbohydr Polym 241:116363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116363
Salama A (2020) Cellulose/silk fibroin assisted calcium phosphate growth: novel biocomposite for dye adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 165:1970–1977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.074
Xie H, Li S, Zhang S (2005) Ionic liquids as novel solvents for the dissolution and blending of wool keratin fibers. Green Chem 7:606. https://doi.org/10.1039/b502547h
Salama A, Hesemann P (2020) Recent trends in elaboration, processing, and derivatization of cellulosic materials using ionic liquids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:17893–17907. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06913
Li Y, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang S (2018) Towards a molecular understanding of cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids: anion/cation effect, synergistic mechanism and physicochemical aspects. Chem Sci 9:4027–4043. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sc05392d
Zhuang L, Zhong F, Qin M et al (2020) Theoretical and experimental studies of ionic liquid-urea mixtures on chitosan dissolution: effect of cationic structure. J Mol Liq 317:113918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113918
Salama A, Mohamed F, Hesemann P (2021) Preparation and dielectric relaxation of a novel ionocellulose derivative. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl 2:100087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100087
Baker SN, McCleskey TM, Pandey S, Baker GA (2004) Fluorescence studies of protein thermostability in ionic liquids. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: synthesis of [C4mpy][Tf2N]. Chem Commun. https://doi.org/10.1039/b401304m
Erbeldinger M, Mesiano AJ, Russell AJ (2000) Enzymatic catalysis of formation of Z-aspartame in ionic liquid—an alternative to enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. Biotechnol Prog 16:1129–1131. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp000094g
Pernak J, Sobaszkiewicz K, Mirska I (2003) Anti-microbial activities of ionic liquids. Green Chem 5:52–56. https://doi.org/10.1039/b207543c
Tseng M-C, Liang Y-M, Chu Y-H (2005) Synthesis of fused tetrahydro-β-carbolinequinoxalinones in 1-n-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bdmim][Tf2N]) and 1-n-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium perfluorobutylsulfonate ([bdmim][PFBuSO3]) ionic liquids. Tetrahedron Lett 46:6131–6136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.06.153
Jaitely V, Karatas A, Florence AT (2008) Water-immiscible room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as drug reservoirs for controlled release. Int J Pharm 354:168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.034
Freddi G, Mossotti R, Innocenti R (2003) Degumming of silk fabric with several proteases. J Biotechnol 106:101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.09.006
El Seoud OA, Kostag M, Possidonio S et al (2021) Dissolution of silk fibroin in mixtures of ionic liquids and dimethyl sulfoxide: on the relative importance of temperature and binary solvent composition. Polymers (Basel) 14:13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010013
Ho M, Wang H, Lau K et al (2012) Interfacial bonding and degumming effects on silk fibre/polymer biocomposites. Compos Part B 43:2801–2812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.042
Inoue S, Tanaka K, Arisaka F et al (2000) Silk fibroin of Bombyx mori is secreted, assembling a high molecular mass elementary unit consisting of H-chain, L-chain, and P25, with a 6:6:1 molar ratio. J Biol Chem 275:40517–40528. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006897200
Nguyen TP, Nguyen QV, Nguyen V-H et al (2019) Silk fibroin-based biomaterials for biomedical applications: a review. Polymers (Basel) 11:1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121933
Asakura T, Ohgo K, Ishida T et al (2005) Possible implications of serine and tyrosine residues and intermolecular interactions on the appearance of silk I structure of Bombyx mori silk fibroin-derived synthetic spinning NMR study. Biomacromol 6:468–474
Borkner CB, Elsner MB, Scheibel T (2014) Coatings and films made of silk proteins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:15611–15625. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5008479
Pereira RFP, Brito-Pereira R, Gonçalves R et al (2018) Silk fibroin separators: a step toward lithium-ion batteries with enhanced sustainability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:5385–5394. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13802
Reizabal A, Correia DM, Costa CM et al (2019) Silk fibroin bending actuators as an approach toward natural polymer based active materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:30197–30206. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b07533
El Seoud OA, Kostag M, Possidonio S et al (2022) Dissolution of silk fibroin in mixtures of ionic liquids and dimethyl sulfoxide: on the relative importance of temperature and binary solvent composition. Polymers 14(1):13
Phillips DM, Drummy LF, Conrady DG et al (2004) Dissolution and regeneration of Bombyx mori silk fibroin using ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 126:14350–14351. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja046079f
Moreira IP, Esteves C, Palma SICJ et al (2022) Synergy between silk fibroin and ionic liquids for active gas-sensing materials. Mater Today Bio 15:100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100290
Aramwit P, Kanokpanont S, Nakpheng T, Srichana T (2010) The effect of sericin from various extraction methods on cell viability and collagen production. Int J Mol Sci 11:2200–2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11052200
Pinkert A, Marsh KN, Pang S, Staiger MP (2009) Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chem Rev 109:6712–6728. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9001947
Gupta MK, Khokhar SK, Phillips DM et al (2007) Patterned silk films cast from ionic liquid solubilized fibroin as scaffolds for cell growth. Langmuir 23:1315–1319. https://doi.org/10.1021/la062047p
Kundu B, Kundu SC (2012) Silk sericin/polyacrylamide in situ forming hydrogels for dermal reconstruction. Biomaterials 33:7456–7467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.091
Shavandi A, Silva TH, Bekhit AA, Bekhit AE-DA (2017) Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application. Biomater Sci 5:1699–1735. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7BM00411G
Karthikeyan R, Balaji S, Sehgal PK (2007) Industrial applications of keratins: a review. J Sci Ind Res 66:705–715
Ma Y, Rosson L, Wang X, Byrne N (2020) Upcycling of waste textiles into regenerated cellulose fibres: impact of pretreatments. J Text Inst 111:630–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1656355
Shavandi A, Bekhit AE-DA, Carne A, Bekhit A (2017) Evaluation of keratin extraction from wool by chemical methods for bio-polymer application. J Bioact Compat Polym 32:163–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911516662069
Zhang Z, Nie Y, Zhang Q et al (2017) Quantitative change in disulfide bonds and microstructure variation of regenerated wool keratin from various ionic liquids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:2614–2622. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02963
Ghosh A, Clerens S, Deb-Choudhury S, Dyer JM (2014) Thermal effects of ionic liquid dissolution on the structures and properties of regenerated wool keratin. Polym Degrad Stab 108:108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.007
Zheng S, Nie Y, Zhang S et al (2015) Highly efficient dissolution of wool keratin by dimethylphosphate ionic liquids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:2925–2932. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00895
Li Y, Fang F, Sun M et al (2020) Ionic liquid-assisted protein extraction method for plant phosphoproteome analysis. Talanta 213:120848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120848
Liu X, Nie Y, Liu Y et al (2018) Screening of ionic liquids for keratin dissolution by means of COSMO-RS and experimental verification. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:17314–17322. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04830
Berton P, Shen X, Rogers RD, Shamshina JL (2019) 110th anniversary: high-molecular-weight chitin and cellulose hydrogels from biomass in ionic liquids without chemical crosslinking. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:19862–19876. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03078
Feroz S, Muhammad N, Dias G, Alsaiari MA (2022) Extraction of keratin from sheep wool fibres using aqueous ionic liquids assisted probe sonication technology. J Mol Liq 350:118595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118595
Plowman JE, Clerens S, Lee E et al (2014) Ionic liquid-assisted extraction of wool keratin proteins as an aid to MS identification. Anal Methods 6:7305–7311. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4AY01251H
Goujon N, Wang X, Rajkowa R, Byrne N (2012) Regenerated silk fibroin using protic ionic liquids solvents: towards an all-ionic-liquid process for producing silk with tunable properties. Chem Commun 48:1278–1280. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc17143k
Yao M, Su D, Wang W et al (2018) Fabrication of air-stable and conductive silk fibroin gels. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14521
Hadadi A, Whittaker JW, Verrill DE et al (2018) A hierarchical model to understand the processing of polysaccharides/protein-based films in ionic liquids. Biomacromol 19:3970–3982. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00903
Salama A, El-Sakhawy M (2016) Regenerated cellulose/wool blend enhanced biomimetic hydroxyapatite mineralization. Int J Biol Macromol 92:920–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.077
Hameed N, Guo Q (2009) Natural wool/cellulose acetate blends regenerated from the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Carbohydr Polym 78:999–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.033
Rivera-Galletti A, Gough CR, Kaleem F et al (2021) Silk-cellulose acetate biocomposite materials regenerated from ionic liquid. Polymers (Basel) 13:2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13172911
Jia X, Wang C, Ranganathan V et al (2017) A biodegradable thin-film magnesium primary battery using silk fibroin-ionic liquid polymer electrolyte. ACS Energy Lett 2:831–836. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00012
Liu X, Xu W, Zhang C et al (2015) Homogeneous sulfation of silk fibroin in an ionic liquid. Mater Lett 143:302–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.140
Lozano-Pérez AA, Montalbán MG, Aznar-Cervantes SD et al (2014) Production of silk fibroin nanoparticles using ionic liquids and high-power ultrasounds. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41702
Wang Y, Kim BJ, Peng B et al (2019) Controlling silk fibroin conformation for dynamic, responsive, multifunctional, micropatterned surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:21361–21368. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911563116
Jin H-J, Park J, Karageorgiou V et al (2005) Water-stable silk films with reduced β-sheet content. Adv Funct Mater 15:1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200400405
Salama A, Hesemann P (2018) New N-guanidinium chitosan/silica ionic microhybrids as efficient adsorbent for dye removal from waste water. Int J Biol Macromol 111:762–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.049
Salama A, Hesemann P (2018) Synthesis of N-guanidinium-chitosan/silica hybrid composites: efficient adsorbents for anionic pollutants. J Polym Environ 26:1986–1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1093-3
Salama A (2019) Cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrids: new materials for biomedical and environmental applications. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.130
Salama A (2016) Polysaccharides/silica hybrid materials: new perspectives for sustainable raw materials. J Carbohydr Chem 35:131–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/07328303.2016.1154152
Salama A (2019) Soy protein acid hydrolysate/silica hybrid material as novel adsorbent for methylene blue. Compos Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2019.01.002
Salama A, Abou-Zeid RE, El-Sakhawy M, El-Gendy A (2015) Carboxymethyl cellulose/silica hybrids as templates for calcium phosphate biomimetic mineralization. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.041
Zhou Y, Schattka J (2004) Room-temperature ionic liquids as template to monolithic mesoporous silica with wormlike pores via a sol–gel nanocasting technique. Nano Lett 4:477–481
Kaper H, Endres F, Djerdj I et al (2007) Direct low-temperature synthesis of rutile nanostructures in ionic liquids. Small 3:1753–1763. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200700138
Taubert A (2004) CuCl nanoplatelets from an ionic liquid-crystal precursor. Angew Chemie 116:5494–5496. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200460846
Parnham ER, Morris RE (2007) Ionothermal synthesis of zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, and inorganic-organic hybrids. Acc Chem Res 40:1005–1013. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar700025k
Taubert A, Li Z (2007) Inorganic materials from ionic liquids. Dalton Trans. https://doi.org/10.1039/b616593a
Salama A, Neumann M, Günter C, Taubert A (2014) Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 5:1553–1568. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.167
Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Schacht E (2011) Biopolymer-based hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a review. Biomacromol 12:1387–1408. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200083n
Shu X, Zhu K (2002) Controlled drug release properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan beads: the influence of anion structure. Int J Pharm 233:217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00943-7
Salama A (2018) Chitosan based hydrogel assisted spongelike calcium phosphate mineralization for in-vitro BSA release. Int J Biol Macromol 108:471–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.035
Salama A, El-Sakhawy M (2014) Preparation of polyelectrolyte/calcium phosphate hybrids for drug delivery application. Carbohydr Polym 113:500–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.022
Hassan H, Salama A, El-ziaty AK, El-sakhawy M (2019) New chitosan/silica/zinc oxide nanocomposite as adsorbent for dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 131:520–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.087
Salama A, Hesemann P (2020) Synthesis and characterization of N-guanidinium chitosan/silica ionic hybrids as templates for calcium phosphate mineralization. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.046
Salama A (2017) New sustainable hybrid material as adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 487:348–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.034
Salama A, Shukry N, El-gendy A, El-sakhawy M (2017) Bioactive cellulose grafted soy protein isolate towards biomimetic calcium phosphate mineralization. Ind Crop Prod 95:170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.10.019
Salama A, Abou-Zeid RE, Cruz-Maya I, Guarino V (2021) Mineralized nanocomposite scaffolds based on soy protein grafted oxidized cellulose for biomedical applications. Mater Today Proc 34:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.069
Sangoro JR, Mierzwa M, Iacob C et al (2012) Brownian dynamics determine universality of charge transport in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2:5047. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20560b
Yuan W-L, Yang X, He L et al (2018) Viscosity, conductivity, and electrochemical property of dicyanamide ionic liquids. Front Chem 6:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00059
Shirota H, Castner EW (2005) Physical properties and intermolecular dynamics of an ionic liquid compared with its isoelectronic neutral binary solution. J Phys Chem A 109:9388–9392. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054664c
Xu Q, Kong Q, Liu Z et al (2014) Cellulose/polysulfonamide composite membrane as a high performance lithium-ion battery separator. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:194–199. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc400370h
Cheng X, Pan J, Zhao Y et al (2018) Gel polymer electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 8:1702184. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702184
Tao H, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG (2012) Silk materials—a road to sustainable high technology. Adv Mater 24:2824–2837. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104477
Li P, Chen J, Tang S (2021) Ionic liquid-impregnated covalent organic framework/silk nanofibril composite membrane for efficient proton conduction. Chem Eng J 415:129021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129021
Irie M, Fukaminato T, Matsuda K, Kobatake S (2014) Photochromism of diarylethene molecules and crystals: memories, switches, and actuators. Chem Rev 114:12174–12277. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500249p
Koga H, Nogi M, Isogai A (2017) Ionic liquid mediated dispersion and support of functional molecules on cellulose fibers for stimuli-responsive chromic paper devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:40914–40920. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14827
Yang YJ, Ganbat D, Aramwit P et al (2019) Processing keratin from camel hair and cashmere with ionic liquids. Express Polym Lett 13:97–108. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2019.10
Hu Y, Liu L, Dan W et al (2013) Evaluation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate based ionic liquid systems as a suitable solvent for collagen. J Appl Polym Sci 130:2245–2256. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39298
Gonçalves C, Silva SS, Gomes JM et al (2020) Ionic liquid-mediated processing of SAIB-chitin scaffolds. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:3986–3994. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00385
Cruz-Maya I, Guarino V, Almaguer-Flores A et al (2019) Highly polydisperse keratin rich nanofibers: Scaffold design and in vitro characterization. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36699
Vineis C, Cruz Maya I, Mowafi S et al (2021) Synergistic effect of sericin and keratin in gelatin based nanofibers for in vitro applications. Int J Biol Macromol 190:375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.007
Abdul Khodir W, Abdul Razak A, Ng M et al (2018) Encapsulation and characterization of gentamicin sulfate in the collagen added electrospun nanofibers for skin regeneration. J Funct Biomater 9:36. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9020036
Cirillo V, Guarino V, Ambrosio L (2012) Design of bioactive electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 10:223–228. https://doi.org/10.5301/JABFM.2012.10343
Zavgorodnya O, Shamshina JL, Bonner JR, Rogers RD (2017) Electrospinning biopolymers from ionic liquids requires control of different solution properties than volatile organic solvents. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:5512–5519. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00863
Boas M, Gradys A, Vasilyev G et al (2015) Electrospinning polyelectrolyte complexes: pH-responsive fibers. Soft Matter 11:1739–1747. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02618G
Salama A (2017) Dicarboxylic cellulose decorated with silver nanoparticles as sustainable antibacterial nanocomposite material. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 8:228–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2017.08.003
Abou-Zeid RE, Salama A, Al-Ahmed ZA et al (2020) Carboxylated cellulose nanofibers as a novel efficient adsorbent for water purification. Cellul Chem Technol 54:237–245. https://doi.org/10.35812/CELLULOSECHEMTECHNOL.2020.54.25
Abou-Zeid RE, Awwad NS, Nabil S et al (2019) Oxidized alginate/gelatin decorated silver nanoparticles as new nanocomposite for dye adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 141:1280–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.076
Vepari C, Kaplan DL (2007) Silk as a biomaterial. Prog Polym Sci 32:991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.013
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology for their financial support through the Joint Bi-lateral Agreement (Biennial Programme 2022–2023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, AS, VG; Draft preparation, AS, VG; Writing—review and editing, AS, VG. Funding, AS, VG. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Salama, A., Guarino, V. Ionic Liquids to Process Silk Fibroin and Wool Keratin for Bio-sustainable and Biomedical Applications. J Polym Environ 30, 4961–4977 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02592-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02592-1