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A Systematic Review for Enabling of Develop a Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Application: Taxonomy, Substantially Analysis, Motivations, Challenges, Recommendations and Future Direction

  • Systems-Level Quality Improvement
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Abstract

Blockchain in healthcare applications requires robust security and privacy mechanism for high-level authentication, interoperability and medical records sharing to comply with the strict legal requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Blockchain technology in the healthcare industry has received considerable research attention in recent years. This study conducts a review to substantially analyse and map the research landscape of current technologies, mainly the use of blockchain in healthcare applications, into a coherent taxonomy. The present study systematically searches all relevant research articles on blockchain in healthcare applications in three accessible databases, namely, ScienceDirect, IEEE and Web of Science, by using the defined keywords ‘blockchain’, ‘healthcare’ and ‘electronic health records’ and their variations. The final set of collected articles related to the use of blockchain in healthcare application is divided into three categories. The first category includes articles (i.e. 43/58 scientific articles) that attempted to develop and design healthcare applications integrating blockchain, particularly those on new architecture, system designs, framework, scheme, model, platform, approach, protocol and algorithm. The second category includes studies (i.e., 6/58 scientific articles) that attempted to evaluate and analyse the adoption of blockchain in the healthcare system. Finally, the third category comprises review and survey articles (i.e., 6/58 scientific articles) related to the integration of blockchain into healthcare applications. The final articles for review are discussed on the basis of five aspects: (1) year of publication, (2) nationality of authors, (3) publishing house or journal, (4) purpose of using blockchain in health applications and the corresponding contributions and (5) problem types and proposed solutions. Additionally, this study provides identified motivations, open challenges and recommendations on the use of blockchain in healthcare applications. The current research contributes to the literature by providing a detailed review of feasible alternatives and identifying the research gaps. Accordingly, researchers and developers are provided with appealing opportunities to further develop decentralised healthcare applications through a comprehensive discussion of about the importance of blockchain and its integration into various healthcare applications.

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Abbreviations

EHR:

Electronic health record

EMR:

Electronic medical record

HIPAA:

Health insurance portability and accountability act

FHIR:

Fast healthcare interoperability resources

HIE:

Healthcare information exchange

PHR:

Personal health record

PHI:

Personal health information

TMIS:

Telecare medicine information system

RPM:

Remote patient monitoring

RHS:

remote healthcare system

BSNs:

body sensor networks

P2P:

Peer to peer network

IoMT:

Internet of medical things

IoT:

Internet of things

DDoS:

distributed denial of service

ECC:

Elliptic-curve cryptography

IBE:

Identity-based encryption

ABE:

Attribute-based encryption

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Funding

This study was funded by Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, under Rising Star Grant, research code: 2019-0125-109-01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia

    H. M. Hussien, S. M. Yasin & S. N. I. Udzir

  2. Department of Computing, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Malaysia

    A. A. Zaidan & B. B. Zaidan

Authors
  1. H. M. Hussien
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  2. S. M. Yasin
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  3. S. N. I. Udzir
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  4. A. A. Zaidan
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  5. B. B. Zaidan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. B. Zaidan.

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All procedures performed in studies with human participation were in accordance with the ethical standards of institutional or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Highlights

• Mapping the blockchain technology research landscape into a coherent taxonomy for healthcare applications

• Identification of the different types of blockchain technology used in healthcare applications

• Evaluation of the need to use blockchain in healthcare system

• Figure out the motivation to use blockchain technology in healthcare applications

• Highlight the open challenges and proposed solutions that hinder the use of blockchain technology in healthcare applications

• Recommend lists to improve the acceptance of blockchain integration with electronic record data to share medical data amongst different health and medical institutes

• Discussion of the purpose of blockchain technology with different applications in the healthcare sector

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Systems-Level Quality Improvement

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Hussien, H.M., Yasin, S.M., Udzir, S.N.I. et al. A Systematic Review for Enabling of Develop a Blockchain Technology in Healthcare Application: Taxonomy, Substantially Analysis, Motivations, Challenges, Recommendations and Future Direction. J Med Syst 43, 320 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1445-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1445-8

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