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A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks

On PHY, MAC, and Network Layers Solutions

  • Original Paper
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Abstract

Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.

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Notes

  1. Energy absorbed by the body when exposed to RF waves and is measured in watts per kilogram

  2. To differentiate it from the term Medium Access Control (MAC), Message Authentication Code (MAC) is represented in bold letters.

Abbreviations

ALTR:

Adaptive Least Temperature Routing

AES:

Advanced Encryption Standard

CSMA/CA:

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance

CAP:

Contention Access Period

CFP:

Contention Free Period

CCA:

Clear Channel Assessment

C1/C2:

Control Channels

CE:

Consumer Electronics

CTR:

Counter

CBC:

Cipher-block Chaining

CCM:

Counter with CBC

CRC:

Cyclic Redundancy Check

CAB:

Coefficient of Absorption and Bioeffects

CICADA:

Cascading Information Retrieval by Controlling Access with Distributed slot Assignment protocol

CBR:

Constant Bit Rate

DTDMA:

Reservation-based Dynamic TDMA Protocol

ERP:

Effective Radiated Power

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

FCC:

Federal Communication Commission

FDTD:

Finite Difference Time Domain

GDP:

Gross Domestic Product

GTS:

Guaranteed Time Slot

H-MAC:

Heart-beat Driven MAC Protocol

HEC:

Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose

H-V:

Horizontal-Vertical Polarisation

H-H:

Horizontal-Horizontal Polarisation

IEEE:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ISM:

Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band

LPL:

Low Power Listening

LBT:

Listen Before Talking

LOS:

Line Of Sight

LTR:

Least Temperature Routing

LTRT:

Least Total Route Temperature

MAC:

Medium Access Control

MICS:

Medical Implant Communications Service

MAC (bold letters):

Message Authentication Code

MN:

Master Node

MS:

Monitoring Station

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NLOS:

Non-line Of Sight

NS2:

Network Simulator 2

PHY:

Physical Layer

PB-TDMA:

Preamble-based TDMA Protocol

QoS:

Quality of Service

RF:

Radio Frequency

REMCOM:

a software company (http://www.remcom.com/)

SAR:

Specific Absorption Rate

TDMA:

Time Division Multiple Access

TSRP:

Time Slot Reserved for Periodic Traffic

TSRB:

Time Slot Reserved for Bursty Traffic

TARA:

Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm

TIP:

Temperature Increase Potential

UWB:

Ultra-wide Band

V-V:

Vertical-Vertical Polarisation

V-H:

Vertical-Horizontal Polarisation

WBAN:

Wireless Body Area Network

WMTS:

Wireless Medical Telemetry Services

WASP:

Wireless Autonomous Spanning Tree Protocol

WSN:

Wireless Sensor Network

XFDTD:

a 3d Electromagnetic simulation software package

XOR:

Exclusive OR

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr. Michael J. Hladik, Mr. Niamat Ullah, and Mr. Pervez Khan (Inha University) for their insightful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MEST) (No. No.2010-0018116).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UWB-ITRC Research Center, Inha University, Nam-gu Incheon, South Korea

    Sana Ullah, Shahnaz Saleem & Kyung Sup Kwak

  2. Zarlink Semiconductors, Wiltshire, UK

    Henry Higgins

  3. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp/IBBT, Middelheimlaan 1, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium

    Bart Braem & Chris Blondia

  4. Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IBBT, Gaston Crommenlaan 8 box 201, 9050, Gent, Belgium

    Benoit Latre & Ingrid Moerman

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea

    Ziaur Rahman

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Appendices

Appendix A

Table 11

Table 11 Comparison of low-power MAC protocols for WBAN [26]
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Appendix B

Table 12

Table 12 Performance summary of different ciphers [47]
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Ullah, S., Higgins, H., Braem, B. et al. A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks. J Med Syst 36, 1065–1094 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3

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