Skip to main content
Log in

Social Capital Matters for Older Bhutanese Refugees’ Integration

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Older and younger refugees have different experiences integrating into host countries. In the U.S., older Bhutanese refugees may face additional barriers when integrating, due to limited ability to adapt to a new language and cultural shifts. Social capital, however, has shown to be supportive of refugees’ integration, which may be important for older Bhutanese refugees. This study’s aim is to examine the effect of social capital and age on integration for Bhutanese refugees living in the United States. A cross-sectional moderated multiple linear regression analysis examined the effect of social capital and age on integration outcomes for 244 Bhutanese refugees in the United States. Higher social capital may contribute to higher levels of integration for older adult Bhutanese refugees’ integration. These findings bring recommendations for policy and practice, including more targeted resettlement programs for older refugees.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. UNHCR. N/A. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/older-people.html. Accessed 24 September 2019.

  2. Office of Refugee Resettlement. N/A. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/programs/older-refugees. Accessed September 24, 2019.

  3. Markides KS, Rote S. The healthy immigrant effect and aging in the United States and other western countries. Gerontologist. 2019;59(2):205–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Choi S, et al. Understanding service needs and service utilization among older Kurdish refugees and immigrants in the USA. Int Soc Work. 2015;58(1):63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Voice of America. U.S. welcomes Bhutanese refugees. Retrieved from 2016. https://editorials.voa.gov/a/us-welcomes-bhutanese-refugees/3536246.html. Accessed September 24, 2019.

  6. Capps R, et al. Integrating refugees in the United States: The successes and challenges of resettlement in a global context. Stat J IAOS. 2015;31(3):341–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ao T, et al. An investigation into suicides among Bhutanese refugees in the U.S. 2009–2012 stakeholders report. Retrieved from 2012. https://x9yjk2t4l9ghu7ty7bhu81ac.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Bhutanese-Suicide-Stakeholder_Report_October_22_2012_Cleared_-For_Dissemination1-1.pdf. Accessed 4 April 2019.

  8. Ao T, et al. Suicidal ideation and mental health of Bhutanese refugees in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health. 2016;18(4):828–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Im H, Rosenberg R. Building social capital through a peer-led community health workshop: a pilot with the Bhutanese refugee community”. J Community Health. 2016;41(3):509–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ager A, Strang A. Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. J Refug Stud. 2008;1(2):166–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kingsbury D, et al. Factors associated with the presence of strong social supports in Bhutanese refugee women during pregnancy. J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;21(4):837–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lichtenstein G, Puma J. The refugee integration survey and evaluation (RISE): results from a four-year longitudinal study. J Refug Stud. 2019;32(3):397–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey034.

  13. Putnam RD. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cramm J, Van Dijk H, Nieboer A. The importance of neighborhood social cohesion and social capital for the well being of older adults in the community. Gerontologist. 2013;53(1):142–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Muckenhuber J, Stronegger WJ, Freidl W. Social capital affects the health of older people more strongly than that of younger people. Ageing Soc. 2013;33(5):853–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cain C, Wallace S, Ponce N. Helpfulness, trust, and safety of neighborhoods: social capital, household income, and self-reported health of older adults. Gerontologist. 2018;58(1):4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol. 1988;94:95–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Woolcock M, Narayan D. Social capital: implications for development theory, research and policy. World Bank Res Obs. 2000;15:225–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lamba N, Krahn K. Social capital and refugee resettlement: the social networks of refugees in Canada. J Int Migr Integr. 2003;4(3):335–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Morrice L. Lifelong learning and the social integration of refugees in the UK: the significance of social capital. Int J Lifelong Edu. 2007;26(2):155–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Cheung S, Phillimore J. Social networks, social capital and refugee integration. Nuffield Foundation. Retrieved from 2013. http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/Phillimore%20Refugree%20Integration%20Report.pdf. Accessed 4 May 2019.

  22. Elliott S, Yusuf I. ‘Yes, we can; but together’: Social capital and refugee resettlement. Kotuitui N Z J Soc Sci Online. 2014;9(2):101–10.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Alencar A. Refugee integration and social media: a local and experiential perspective. Inf Commun Soc. 2018;21(11):1588–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Oglak S, Hussein S. Active ageing: social and cultural integration of older Turkish Alevi refugees in London. J Muslim Minor Aff. 2016;36(1):1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dubus N. Arriving old: a qualitative study of elder refugee women’s self-perceptions of the first year of resettlement. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2018;61(4):393–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lichtenstein G, et al. The refugee integration survey & evaluation (RISE): year 5 report. Technical report by Quality Evaluation Designs. Denver, CO: Colorado Office of Economic Security. Retrieved from 2016. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdhs/about-refugees. Accessed 5 May 2019.

  27. Connelly N, Forsythe L, Njike G, Rudiger A. Older refugees in the UK: A literature review. Retrieved from 2007. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/older-refugees-in-the-uk-a-literature-review. Accessed 19 September 2019.

  28. Gerber M, et al. Nepali Bhutanese refugees reap support through community gardening. Int Perspect Psychol. 2017;6(1):17–311.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Roka K. Adjusting to the new world: A study of Bhutanese refugees’ adaptation in the US. J Soc Soc Work. 2017;5(2):98–108.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Slade N, Borovnik M. “Ageing out of place”: experiences of resettlement and belonging among older Bhutanese refugees in New Zealand. NZ Geogr. 2018;74(2):101–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gautam R, Mawn B, Beehler S. Bhutanese older adult refugees recently resettled in the United States: a better life with little sorrows. J Transcult Nurs. 2018;29(2):165–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Griffiths D, Loy C. Primary integration outcomes in a newly resettled Bhutanese refugee community. Int Soc Work. 2019;62(4):1213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818775483.

  33. Puma J, Lichtenstein G, Stein P. The RISE survey: Developing and implementing a valid and reliable quantitative measure of refugee integration in the United States. J Refug Stud. 2018;31(4):605–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guildford Press; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hair JF Jr, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cagney KA, Wen M. Social capital and aging-related outcomes. In: Kawachi I, Subramanian S, Kim D, editors. Social capital and health. Springer: New York, NY; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Dr. Kimberly C. Brimhall for her dedicated and valuable support and guidance. Thank you to Dr. Lichtenstein and Dr. Puma for making this research possible, and developing such a powerful CBPR model of data collection. Thank you to refugee agencies around the world, who work every day to make the world a better place. Above all, thank you to refugees for their courage and bravery. This research is dedicated to you.

Funding

I confirm there is no conflict of interest regarding funding. There is no attached funding for this research. This current study was not funded.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justine L. Lewis.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lewis, J.L. Social Capital Matters for Older Bhutanese Refugees’ Integration. J Immigrant Minority Health 22, 1295–1303 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01057-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01057-8

Keywords

Navigation