Skip to main content
Log in

Effective strategy to assign 1H-15N heteronuclear correlation NMR signals from lysine side-chain NH3 + groups of proteins at low temperature

  • Communication
  • Published:
Journal of Biomolecular NMR Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that lysine side-chain NH3 + groups are excellent probes for NMR investigations of dynamics involving hydrogen bonds and ion pairs relevant to protein function. However, due to rapid hydrogen exchange, observation of 1H-15N NMR cross peaks from lysine NH3 + groups often requires use of a relatively low temperature, which renders difficulty in resonance assignment. Here we present an effective strategy to assign 1H and 15N resonances of NH3 + groups at low temperatures. This strategy involves two new 1H/13C/15N triple-resonance experiments for lysine side chains. Application to a protein-DNA complex is demonstrated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

References

  • Anderson KM, Esadze A, Manoharan M, Bruschweiler R, Gorenstein DG, Iwahara J (2013) Direct observation of the ion-pair dynamics at a protein-DNA interface by NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 135:3613–3619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andre I, Linse S, Mulder FA (2007) Residue-specific pKa determination of lysine and arginine side chains by indirect 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopy: application to apo calmodulin. J Am Chem Soc 129:15805–15813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaum BS, Deakin JA, Johansson CM, Herbert AP, Barlow PN, Lyon M, Uhrín D (2010) Lysine and arginine side chains in glycosaminoglycan-protein complexes investigated by NMR, cross-linking, and mass spectrometry: a case study of the factor H-heparin interaction. J Am Chem Soc 132:6374–6381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esadze A, Iwahara J (2014) Stopped-flow fluorescence kinetic study of protein sliding and intersegment transfer in the target DNA search process. J Mol Biol 426:230–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esadze A, Li DW, Wang T, Brüschweiler R, Iwahara J (2011) Dynamics of lysine side-chain amino groups in a protein studied by heteronuclear 1H-15N NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 133:909–919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esadze A, Kemme CA, Kolomeisky AB, Iwahara J (2014) Positive and negative impacts of nonspecific sites during target location by a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein: origin of the optimal search at physiological ionic strength. Nucl Acids Res 42:7039–7046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer MWF, Zeng L, Zuiderweg ERP (1996) Use of 13C-13C NOE for the assignment of NMR lines of larger labeled proteins at larger magnetic fields. J Am Chem Soc 118:12457–12458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster MP, Wuttke DS, Radhakrishnan I, Case DA, Gottesfeld JM, Wright PE (1997) Domain packing and dynamics in the DNA complex of the N-terminal zinc fingers of TFIIIA. Nat Struct Biol 4:605–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geen H, Freeman R (1991) Band-selective radiofrequency pulses. J Magn Reson 93:93–141

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, MacKerell AD Jr (2013) CHARMM36 all-atom additive protein force field: validation based on comparison to NMR data. J Comput Chem 34:2135–2145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwahara J, Jung YS, Clore GM (2007) Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy for lysine NH3 groups in proteins: unique effect of water exchange on 15N transverse relaxation. J Am Chem Soc 129:2971–2980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay LE, Xu GY, Singer AU, Muhandiram DR, Formankay JD (1993) A gradient-enhanced HCCH-TOCSY experiment for recording side-chain 1H and 13C correlations in H2O samples of proteins. J Magn Reson Ser B 101:333–337

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupče E, Boyd J, Campbell ID (1995) Short selective pulses for biochemical applications. J Magn Reson Ser B 106:300–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marion D, Ikura M, Tschudin R, Bax A (1989) Rapid recording of 2d NMR-spectra without phase Cycling. Application to the study of hydrogen-exchange in proteins. J Magn Reson 85:393–399

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Piotto M, Saudek V, Sklenár V (1992) Gradient-tailored excitation for single-quantum NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. J Biomol NMR 2:661–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poon DKY, Schubert M, Au J, Okon M, Withers SG, McIntosh LP (2006) Unambiguous determination of the ionization state of a glycoside hydrolase active site lysine by 1H- 15N heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 128:15388–15389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segawa T, Kateb F, Duma L, Bodenhausen G, Pelupessy P (2008) Exchange rate constants of invisible protons in proteins determined by NMR spectroscopy. ChemBioChem 9:537–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaka AJ, Keeler J, Freeman R (1983) Evaluation of a new broad-band decoupling sequence—Waltz-16. J Magn Reson 53:313–340

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaka AJ, Lee CJ, Pines A (1988) Iterative schemes for bilinear operators—application to spin decoupling. J Magn Reson 77:274–293

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama Y, Sahu D, Iwahara J (2010) NMR studies of translocation of the Zif268 protein between its target DNA sites. Biochemistry 49:7998–8005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson JH, Ullah S, Hansen PE, Williamson MP (2009) Characterization of salt bridges to lysines in the protein G B1 domain. J Am Chem Soc 131:4674–4684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson MP, Hounslow AM, Ford J, Fowler K, Hebditch M, Hansen PE (2013) Detection of salt bridges to lysines in solution in barnase. Chem Commun 49:9824–9826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki T, Lee W, Arrowsmith CH, Muhandiram DR, Kay LE (1994) A suite of triple resonance NMR experiments for the backbone assignment of 15N, 13C, 2H labeled proteins with high sensitivity. J Am Chem Soc 116:11655–11666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zandarashvili L, Li DW, Wang T, Brüschweiler R, Iwahara J (2011) Signature of mobile hydrogen bonding of lysine side chains from long-range 15N-13C scalar J-couplings and computation. J Am Chem Soc 133:9192–9195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zandarashvili L, Vuzman D, Esadze A, Takayama Y, Sahu D, Levy Y, Iwahara J (2012) Asymmetrical roles of zinc fingers in dynamic DNA-scanning process by the inducible transcription factor Egr-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109:E1724–E1732

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zandarashvili L, Esadze A, Iwahara J (2013) NMR studies on the dynamics of hydrogen bonds and ion pairs involving lysine side chains of proteins. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 93:37–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Tianzhi Wang for maintenance of the spectrometers at UTMB NMR facility and Dan Nguyen for language editing. This work was supported by Grant R01GM105931 from the National Institutes of Health (to J.I.).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Junji Iwahara.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Esadze, A., Zandarashvili, L. & Iwahara, J. Effective strategy to assign 1H-15N heteronuclear correlation NMR signals from lysine side-chain NH3 + groups of proteins at low temperature. J Biomol NMR 60, 23–27 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10858-014-9854-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10858-014-9854-y

Keywords

Navigation