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Biofunctionalization of graphene and its two-dimensional analogues and synthesis of biomimetic materials: a review

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Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have become a “rising star” in the eyes of scientists because of their designability, manipulability, and ease of functionalization. When the 2D materials are modified by biomolecules in a covalent or non-covalent ways, some properties of the materials surface will change accordingly, making them have the properties of both the material and the biological macromolecules used for modification. Biomolecules attached to the surface of 2D materials can improve the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the obtained biocomposites, which makes the application of 2D materials more extensive. In this work, we introduce the interaction processes of the graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenide materials (TMDs), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins. In addition, we also summarize the method of synthesizing bionic materials by using the composite materials with biofunctions and their important applications in biomineralization, biomedicine, environmental engineering, and materials engineering. We hope that this review can help readers to make sense of the principles and methods of biofunctionalization of 2D materials, understand the interactions between 2D materials and biomolecules at the molecular level, design biofunctionalized 2D materials to obtain bionanomaterials with special properties, and promote the applications and research in various fields such as biomedicine.

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Figure 1

modified by Avidin–biotin, peptides, NAS, proteins, aptamers, small molecules, bacteria, and cells. Reproduced with permission from reference [34]. Copyright 2011, Elsevier

Figure 2

Reproduced with permission from reference [42]. Copyright 2020, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. c The sensing platform constructed by π–π stacking between the probe and rGO. Reproduced with permission from reference [48]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. d Two peptides and eight peptides are distributed on the surface of the graphene and parallel to the edge of the graphene. Reproduced with permission from reference [53]. Copyright 2013, World Scientific

Figure 3

Reproduced with permission from reference [67]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. b The optimum adsorption configurations of Phe, Tyr, and Trp for maximum adsorption on MoS2 surface. Reproduced with permission from reference [72]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. c Two optimal adsorption configurations of Phe, Tyr, and Trp on Au-modified MoS2. Reproduced with permission from reference [72]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. d The preparation of PDA-modified MoS2, and then modified with polyethylene glycol, and finally constructed the biosensor. Reproduced with permission from reference [76]. Copyright 2019, Academic Press Inc

Figure 4

Reproduced with permission from reference [83]. Copyright 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry. b The process of CMC and SPI biofunctionalization of h-BN and the process of transporting tea tree oil (TOO). Reproduced with permission from reference [88]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c The adsorption process of PA with α-helical conformation and BN flakes. Reproduced with permission from reference [89]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

Figure 5

Reproduced with permission from reference [96]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society

Figure 6

Reproduced with permission from reference [112]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. b Schematic representation for the synthesis of (3) GO–PNF nanohybrid and (4) GO-PNF-HA minerals. Reproduced with permission from reference [114]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier

Figure 7

Reproduced with permission from reference [133]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b The formation of GON/CS/CS-dmma and the release of DOX. Reproduced with permission from reference [134]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Figure 8

Reproduced with permission from reference [137]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. c GO and PDA underwent self-polymerization to obtain PDA-rGO. Reproduced with permission from reference [138]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

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Acknowledgements

This work was financial supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21505049).

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  1. College of Chemistry, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, People’s Republic of China

    Shuhan Di, Yuhong Qian & Li Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China

    Zhuang Li

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Di, S., Qian, Y., Wang, L. et al. Biofunctionalization of graphene and its two-dimensional analogues and synthesis of biomimetic materials: a review. J Mater Sci 57, 3085–3113 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06787-0

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