Abstract
Nitrogen permeability of graphite foil (GF) based on expandable graphite with different oxidation degrees was measured. Expandable graphite was obtained by the chemical interaction of graphite and nitric acid with the formation of graphite nitrate of II, III, IV stages and by the electrochemical oxidation of graphite in HNO3 solution followed by water washing. The expandable graphite samples were heat-treated at 800 °C with the formation of exfoliated graphite followed by pressing the exfoliated graphite into GF. The samples of exfoliated graphite and graphite foil were investigated by XRD, SEM, Raman spectroscopy and mercury porosimetry methods. GF nitrogen permeance decreases from 19.7 × 10−10 to 6.7 × 10−10 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 with decreasing a stage number of graphite nitrate from IV to II. Gas permeance of GF based on electrochemical expandable graphite decreases by an order of magnitude up to 0.2 × 10−10 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 in comparison with GF based on graphite nitrate of II stage. Thus, it is possible to produce the graphite foil material with a wide range of permeability and, respectively, the different sealing efficiency by varying the oxidation degree of the initial graphite matrix in the step of obtaining graphite intercalation compounds and expandable graphite.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dev B, Samudrala O, Wang J (2016) Characterization of leak rates in thermoplastic barrier valve seals under high static and cyclic pressure loads. J Pet Sci Eng 145:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.016
Aibada N, Manickam R, Gupta KK, Raichurkar P (2017) Review on various gaskets based on the materials, their characteristics and applications. Int J Text Eng Process 3:12–18
Liu Q, Wang Z, Lou Y, Suo Z (2014) Elastic leak of a seal. Extrem Mech Lett 1:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2014.10.001
Akhtar M, Qamar SZ, Pervez T, Al-Jahwari FK (2018) Performance evaluation of swelling elastomer seals. J Pet Sci Eng 165:127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.01.064
Peñalva I, Alberro G, Legarda F et al (2016) Influence of the C content on the permeation of hydrogen in Fe alloys with low contents of C. Nucl Mater Energy 9:306–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2016.02.004
Pérez-Ràfols F, Larsson R, Almqvist A (2016) Modelling of leakage on metal-to-metal seals. Tribol Int 94:421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.10.003
Sorokina NE, Redchitz AV, Ionov SG, Avdeev VV (2006) Different exfoliated graphite as a base of sealing materials. J Phys Chem Solids 67:1202–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.01.048
Savchenko DV, Serdan AA, Morozov VA et al (2012) Improvement of the oxidation stability and the mechanical properties of flexible graphite foil by boron oxide impregnation. New Carbon Mater 27:12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(12)60001-8
Lasseux D, Jolly P, Jannot Y, Omnes ESB (2011) Permeability measurement of graphite compression packings. J Press Vessel Technol 133:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002922
Schulz A, Steinbach F, Caro J (2014) Pressed graphite crystals as gas separation membrane for steam reforming of ethanol. J Membr Sci 469:284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.047
Wollbrink A, Volgmann K, Koch J et al (2016) Amorphous, turbostratic and crystalline carbon membranes with hydrogen selectivity. Carbon 106:93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.062
Celzard A, Marêché J (2001) Permeability and formation factor in compressed expanded graphite. J Phys: Condens Matter 13:4387–4403. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/13/20/302
Celzard A, Marêché JF, Perrin A (2002) Transport in porous graphite: gas permeation and ion diffusion experiments. Fuel Process Technol 77–78:467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00091-7
Biloe S, Mauran S (2003) Gas flow through highly porous graphite matrices. Carbon 41:525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00363-9
Efimova EA, Syrtsova DA, Teplyakov VV (2017) Gas permeability through graphite foil: the influence of physical density, membrane orientation and temperature. Sep Purif Technol 179:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.023
Mauran S, Rigaud L, Coudevylle O (2001) Application of the carman-kotenzy correlation to a high-porosity and anisotropic consolidated medium: the compressed expanded natural graphite. Transp Porous Media 43:355–376. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010735118136
Celzard A, Schneider S, Marêché JF (2002) Densification of expanded graphite. Carbon 40:2185–2191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00077-5
Chung DDL (2015) A review of exfoliated graphite. J Mater Sci 51:554–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9284-6
Saidaminov MI, Maksimova NV, Zatonskih PV et al (2013) Thermal decomposition of graphite nitrate. Carbon 59:337–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.03.028
Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Sattar H et al (2014) Environmentally friendly preparation of exfoliated graphite. J Ind Eng Chem 20:1936–1941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.014
Liu DF, Liang JZ (2014) Preparation of Expandable Graphite by Ozone Oxidation Method. Adv Mater Res 1051:121–124. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1051.121
Sorokina NE, Monyakina LA, Maksimova NV et al (2002) Potentials of graphite nitrate formation during spontaneous and electrochemical graphite intercalation. Inorg Mater 38:482–489. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015423105964
Dimiev AM, Ceriotti G, Behabtu N et al (2013) Direct real-time monitoring of stage transitions in graphite intercalation compounds. ACS Nano 7:2773–2780. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn400207e
Kovtyukhova NI, Wang Y, Berkdemir A et al (2014) Non-oxidative intercalation and exfoliation of graphite by Brønsted acids. Nat Chem 6:957–963. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2054
Lutfullin MA, Shornikova ON, Vasiliev AV et al (2014) Petroleum products and water sorption by expanded graphite enhanced with magnetic iron phases. Carbon 66:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.017
Afanasov IM, Shornikova ON, Kirilenko DA et al (2010) Graphite structural transformations during intercalation by HNO3 and exfoliation. Carbon 48:1862–1865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.055
Sorokina NE, Maksimova NV, Avdeev VV (2001) Anodic oxidation of graphite in 10 to 98% HNO3. Inorg Mater 37:360–365. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017575710886
Focke WW, Badenhorst H, Mhike W et al (2014) Characterization of commercial expandable graphite fire retardants. Thermochim Acta 584:8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2014.03.021
Ying Z, Lin X, Qi Y, Luo J (2008) Preparation and characterization of low-temperature expandable graphite. Mater Res Bull 43:2677–2686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.10.027
Chen PH, Chung DDL (2012) Dynamic mechanical behavior of flexible graphite made from exfoliated graphite. Carbon 50:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.08.048
Chen PH, Chung DDL (2013) Viscoelastic behavior of the cell wall of exfoliated graphite. Carbon 61:305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.009
Xiao L, Chung DDL (2016) Mechanical energy dissipation modeling of exfoliated graphite based on interfacial friction theory. Carbon 108:291–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.06.098
Badenhorst H (2014) Microstructure of natural graphite flakes revealed by oxidation: limitations of XRD and Raman techniques for crystallinity estimates. Carbon 66:674–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.065
Focke WW, Badenhorst H, Ramjee S et al (2014) Graphite foam from pitch and expandable graphite. Carbon 73:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.035
Kang F, Zheng Y, Wang H, Nishi Y (2002) Effect of preparation conditions on the characteristics of exfoliated graphite. Carbon 40:1575–1581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00023-4
Van Heerden X, Badenhorst H (2015) The influence of three different intercalation techniques on the microstructure of exfoliated graphite. Carbon 88:173–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.03.006
Cançado LG, Takai K, Enoki T et al (2008) Measuring the degree of stacking order in graphite by Raman spectroscopy. Carbon 46:272–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.11.015
Urbonaite S, Hälldahl L, Svensson G (2008) Raman spectroscopy studies of carbide derived carbons. Carbon 46:1942–1947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.08.004
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Resolution No. 218, 2010, April 9-th (Contract No. 03.G25.31.0220 «Development of high-temperature composite seals for improve energy-saving and reliability of sealing equipment and pipelines» between JSC UNICHIMTEK and Lomonosov Moscow State University).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ivanov, A.V., Manylov, M.S., Maksimova, N.V. et al. Effect of preparation conditions on gas permeability and sealing efficiency of graphite foil. J Mater Sci 54, 4457–4469 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3151-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3151-1