Abstract
Recent experiments with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have shown the successful covalent and non-covalent functionalization of these boron nitride nanostructures, especially nanosheets (BNNS). This paper explores the synthesis of several thiophene-based polymers with conjugated pendant groups and their reactions with BNNSs. Specifically, two phenyl carboxylic acid functionalized polythiophene polymers, poly[3-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)thiophene] and poly[3-(4-benzoic acid)thiophene], have been prepared and reacted with exfoliated BNNSs. The resulting complexes between the conjugated polythiophene polymers and the BNNS are reported and characterized by their reaggregation stability and by spectroscopic methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
He G, Wan X, Li Z, Zhang Q, Long G, Lui Y, Hou Y, Zhang M, Chen Y (2014) Impact of fluorinated end groups on properties of acceptor-donor-acceptor type oligothiophenes for solution-processed photovoltaic cells. J Mater Chem C 2:1337–1345
Wang H, Tzeng J, Chou C, Huang C, Lee R, Jeng R (2013) Novel polythiophene derivatives functionalized with conjugated side-chain pendants comprising triphenylamine/carbazole moieties for photovoltaic cell applications. Polym Chem 4:506–519
Savagatrup S, Pritz AD, Rodriquiez D, Lipomi DJ (2014) Best of both worlds: conjugated polymers exhibiting good photovoltaic behavior and high tensile elasticity. Macromolecules 47:1981–1992
Heinrichchova P, Vala M, Weiter M (2014) Energy versus charge transfer in -conjugated polymer:fullerene blends. Chem Phys Lett 592:314–319
Alhalasah W, Holze R (2005) Electrochemical materials: tailoring intrinsically conducting polymers. The example: substituted thiophenes. J Solid State Electrochem 9:836–844
Heeger AJ (2010) Semiconducting polymers: the third generation. Chem Soc Rev 39:2354–2371
Pakdel A, Wang X, Zhi C, Bando Y, Watanabe K, Sekiguchi T, Nakayama T, Golberg S (2012) Facile synthesis of vertically aligned hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets hybridized with graphitic domains. J Mater Chem 22:4818–4824
Duan J, Xue R, Xu Y, Sun C (2008) Low temperature synthesis of h-BN nanoflakes. Mater Lett 62:3355–3357
Wang J, Lee CH, Yap YK (2010) Recent advancements in boron nitride nanotubes. Nanoscale 2:2028–2034
Wang Y, Shi Z, Yin Y (2011) Boron nitride nanosheets: large-scale exfoliation in methanesulfonic acid and their composites with polybenzimidazole. J Mater Chem 21:11371–11377
Yu MY, Cui DL, Li K, Chen SG, Wang QL, Yin YS, Wang X (2007) Mixed nitrogen source effect in the hydrothermal synthesis of cubic BN. Mater Lett 61:76–78
Liu Z, Song L, Zhao S, Huang J, Ma L, Zhang J, Lou J, Ajayan PM (2011) Direct growth of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride stacked layers. Nano Lett 11:2032–2037
Sutter P, Cortes R, Lahiri J, Sutter E (2012) Interface formation in monolayer graphene-boron nitride heterostructures. Nano Lett 12:4869–4874
Stanley SM, Chakrabarti A, DeMuth JJ, Tempel VE, Hosmane NS (2015) Catalyst-free bottom-up synthesis of few-layer hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. J Nanomater, 2015: Article ID 304295
Bhimanapati GR, Kozuch D, Robinson JA (2014) Large-scale synthesis and functionalization of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. Nanoscale 6:11671
Sato K, Horibe H, Shirai T et al (2010) Thermally conductive composite films of hexagonal boron nitride and polyimide with affinity-enhanced interfaces. J Mater Chem 20:2749–2752
Xue Y, Liu Q, He G, Xu K, Jiang L, Hu X, Hu J (2013) Excellent electrical conductivity of the exfoliated and fluorinated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. Nanoscale Res Lett 8:49
Li MH, Xu LQ, Sun CH, Ju ZC, Qian YT (2009) Thermal- induced shape evolution from uniform triangular to hexagonal r-BN nanoplates. J Mater Chem 19:8086–8091
Ma P, Spencer JT (2015) Non-covalent stabilization and functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) by organic polymers: formation of complex BNNSs-containing structures. J Mater Sci 50:313–323. doi:10.1007/s10853-014-8590-8
McCullough RD (1998) The chemistry of conducting polythiophenes. Adv Mater 10:93–116
McQuade DT, Pullen AE, Swager TM (1999) Congjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev 100:2537–2574
Lissau JS, Nauroozi D, Santoni M, Ott S, Gardner JM, Morandreira A (2003) Anchoring energy acceptors to nanostructured ZrO2 enhances photon upconversion by sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation under simulated solar flux. J Phys Chem C 117:14493–14501
George SM, Mamun SI, Kim J (2010) One-dimensional supramolecular assembly of an Mn12 single molecule magnet by ligand interactions. Inorg Chem Commun 13:429–432
Porcelloni M, D’Andrea P, Rossi C, Sisto A, Ettorre A, Madami A, Altamura M, Giuliani S, Meini S, Fattori D (2008) alpha, alpha-cyclopentaneglycine dipeptides capped with biaryls as tachyknin NK2 receptor antagonists. ChemMedChem 3:1048–1060
Yashima E, Goto H, Okamoto Y (1999) Metal-induced chirality induction and chiral recognition of optically active, regioregular polythiophenes. Macromolecules 32:7942–7945
Kim B, Chen L, Gong J, Osada Y (1999) Titration behavior and spectral transitions of water-soluble polythiophene carboxylic acids. Macromolecules 32:3964–3969
Leowanawat P, Zhang N, Resmerita A-M, Rosen BM, Percec V (2011) Ni(COD)2/PCY3 catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl neopentylglycolboronates with aryl and heteroaryl mesylates and sulfamates in THF at room temperature. J Org Chem 76:9946–9955
Coleman JN, Lotya M, O’Neil A, Bergin SD, King PJ, Khan U, Young K, Gaucher A, Sukanta D, Smith RJ, Shvets IV, Arora SK, Stanton G, Kim H-Y, Lee K, Kim GT, Duesberg GS, Hallam T, Boland JJ, Wang JJ, Donegan JF, Grunlan JC, Moriarty G, Shmeliov A, Nicholls RJ, Perkins JM, Grieveson EM, Theuwissen K, McComb DW, Nellist PD, Nicolosi V (2011) Two-demensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331:568–571
Bruker (2012) Bruker AXS Inc.: Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Blessing R (1995) An empirical correction for absorption anisotropy. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 51:33–38
Sheldrick G (1990) Phase annealing in SHELX-90: direct methods for larger structures. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 46:467–473
Sheldrick G (2008) A short history of SHELX. Acta Crystallogr Sect A 64:112–122
Speck AL (2003) Single-crystal structure validation with program PLATON. J Appl Crystallogr 36:7–13
Speck AL (2009) Structure validation in chemical crystallography. Acta Crystallogr Sect D 65:148–155
Andersson MR, Selse D, Berggren M, Jarvinen H, Hjertberg T, Inganas O, Wennertrom O, Osterholm J-E (1994) Regioelective polymerization of 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene with FeCl3. Macromolecules 27:6503–6506
Robitalle L, Lerlerc M (1993) Poly[3-(alkoxyphenyl)thiophenes]: synthesis and linear and nonlinear optical properties. Chem Mater 5:1755–1761
Ueda M, Miyaji Y, Ito T (1991) Synthesis of poly(3-phenyl-2,5-thiophene) by nickel-catalyzed coupling polymerization of 3-phenyl-2,5-dichlorotiophene. Macromolecules 24:2694–2697
Khan U, May P, O’Neill A, Bell AP, Boussac E, Martin A, Semple J, Coleman JN (2013) Polymer reinforcement using liquid-exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets. Nanoscale 5:581–587
Chen W-X, Zhang S-Y, Ma A-J, Wang Q-G (2011) The synthesis and characterization of thiophene derivative polymers. Adv Mater Res 284–286:1846–1849
Rose A, Tovar JD, Yamaguchi S, Nesterov EE, Zhu Z, Swager TM (2007) Energy migration in conjugated polymers: the role of molecular structure. Philos Trans Royal Soc A 365:1589–1606
Velayudham S, Lee CH, Xie M, Blair D, Bauman N, Yap YK, Green SA, Liu H (2010) Noncovalent functionalization of boron nitride nanotubes with poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)s and polythiophene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:104–110
Acknowledgements
We thank the Department of Chemistry, and the Syracuse University Forensic and National Security Sciences Institute (FNSSI), and the College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University for their support in this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Petrelli, C., Goos, A., Ruhlandt-Senge, K. et al. Functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) by organic polymers: formation of substituted polythiophene–BNNS structures. J Mater Sci 51, 4952–4962 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9800-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9800-3