Abstract
During the Middle Woodland period, from 200 BC to AD 600, southeastern societies erected monuments, interacted widely, and produced some of the most striking material culture of the pre-Columbian era, but these developments are often overshadowed by the contemporaneous florescence of Hopewell culture in Ohio. I argue that the demonstrable material links between the Middle Woodland Southeast and Midwest demand that we cease to analyze these regional archaeological records in isolation and adopt multiscalar perspectives on the social fields that emerged from and impacted local Middle Woodland societies. In synthesizing recent research on Middle Woodland settlement, monumentality, interaction, and social organization, I make explicit comparisons between the Middle Woodland Southeast and Ohio Hopewell, revealing both commonalities and contrasts. New methodological approaches in the Southeast, including geophysical survey techniques, Bayesian chronological modeling, and high-resolution provenance analyses, promise to further elucidate site-specific histories and intersite connectivity. By implementing theoretical frameworks that simultaneously consider these local and global dimensions of Middle Woodland sociality, we may establish the southeastern Middle Woodland period as an archaeological context capable of elucidating the deep history of the Eastern Woodlands as well as long-standing issues surrounding middle-range societies.
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Acknowledgments
I greatly appreciate the editors’ invitation to write this article, which encouraged me to dive deep into the literature on Middle Woodland/Hopewell. That said, I fully admit to the biases of a southeastern archaeologist and acknowledge there is much more to the Ohio Valley Middle Woodland than I have been able to tackle here. My specialization in southern Appalachian archaeology also certainly led me to overlook some studies in other parts of the Southeast. My ongoing efforts to understand the Middle Woodland period in local and global perspectives have benefited immensely from conversations and correspondence with Casey Barrier, Rob Beck, Stephen Carmody, Cameron Gokee, Ed Henry, Scot Keith, Larry Kimball, Brad Lepper, Tom Pluckhahn, Bret Ruby, Sarah Sherwood, and Victor Thompson. Meg Kassabaum, Maureen Meyers, Tom Pluckhahn, Victor Thompson, Nancy White, one anonymous reviewer, and the editors offered constructive critique that greatly improved the initial manuscript. Any shortcomings or errors that remain are my responsibility.
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Wright, A.P. Local and “Global” Perspectives on the Middle Woodland Southeast. J Archaeol Res 25, 37–83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-016-9096-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-016-9096-5