Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of light intensity and temperature on the taste and odour compounds of two cyanobacteria species isolated as producers of taste and odour compounds, Phormidium retzii, which produced geosmin and Microcoleus vaginatus, which produced 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), both being recorded for the first time as producers of these compounds. The results revealed no relationship between the light intensity and temperature for geosmin/2-MIB production under three different levels of the light intensity (17, 33 and 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and temperature (10, 25 and 33 °C). Higher concentrations of total geosmin (96.6 ng L−1) and 2-MIB (135.8 ng L−1) were observed at 17 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 25 °C. Geosmin and 2-MIB were retained intracellularly during the lag phase and the highest amount of intracellular geosmin and 2-MIB occurred in the late exponential phase, whereas the extracellular geosmin and 2-MIB were released during the stationary and death phase.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
17 October 2018
The original version of this article unfortunately requires correction with respect to the affiliations of some of the authors.
References
Al-Kasser MK (2012) Study the environmental effect of wastewater treatment plant discharge on water quality of Al-Diwaniya river-Iraq. MSc Thesis, University of Al-Qadisiya, Iraq
Asaeda T, Maniruzzaman M, Rashid MH (2012) Effect of hydrological changes on algal blooming in the reservoir and the required modification for treatments. Biosci Res 9:41–49
Blevins WT, Schrader KK, Saadoun I (1995) Comparative physiology of geosmin production by Streptomyces halstedii and Anabaena sp. Water Sci Technol 31:127–133
Briand JF, Jacquet S, Bernard C, Humbert JF (2003) Health hazards for terrestrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosystems. Vet Res 34:361–377
Bruce D, Westerhoff P, Brawely-Chesworth A (2002) Removal of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in surface water treatment plants in Arizona. J Water Suppl Res Technol 51:183–197
Chen YM, Hobson P, Burch MD, Lin TF (2010) In situ measurement of odor compound production by benthic cyanobacteria. J Environ Monit 12:769–775
Chorus I, Bartram J (1999) Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. E and FN Spon, London
Chow CW, House J, Velzeboer RM, Drikas M, Burch MD, Steffensen DA (1998) The effect of ferric chloride flocculation on cyanobacterial cells. Water Res 32:808–814
Desikachary TV (1959) Cyanophyta. Academic Press, New Delhi
Dyble J, Tester PA, Litaker RW (2006) Effects of light intensity on cylindrospermopsin production in the cyanobacterial HAB species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Afr J Mar Sci 28:309–312
Ernst A, Deicher M, Herman PM, Wollenzien UI (2005) Nitrate and phosphate affect cultivability of cyanobacteria from environments with low nutrient levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:3379–3383
Guttman L, Van Rijn J (2012) Isolation of bacteria capable of growth with 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin as the sole carbon and energy sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:363–370
Ho L, Dreyfus J, Boyer J, Lowe T, Bustamante H, Duker P, Meli T, Newcombe G (2012) Fate of cyanobacteria and their metabolites during water treatment sludge management processes. Sci Total Environ 424:232–238
Hoson T (1992) Growth characteristics of the musty odor producing alga, Oscillatoria tenuis. Water Sci Technol 25:177–184
Hu Q, Sommerfield M, Lowry D, Dempster T, Westerhoff P, Baker L, Bruce D, Nguyen M (2001) Production and release of geosmin by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria splendida isolated from a Phoenix water source. J Phycol 37:25–26
Hu Q, Fortuna A, Sommerfeld MR, Westerhoff PK (2003) Physiological studies of MIB and geosmin-producing cyanobacteria isolated from the Phoenix drinking water supply system. CAP LTER Fifth Annual Poster Symposium, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, pp 1–4
Hu T L (1998) The odor production of Anabaena sp. isolated from the inlet of a water purification plant, Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Drinking Water Quality Management and Treatment Technology, Taiwan, pp149–153
Hurlburt BK, Lloyd SW, Grimm CC (2009) Comparison of analytical techniques for detection of geosmin and 2-methyl-isoborneol in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr Sci 47:670–673
Iwase S, Abe T (2010) Identification and change in concentration of musty odor compounds during growth in blue green algae. J Sch Mar Sci Technol 8:27–33
Izaguirre G, Taylor WD (1995) Geosmin and 2-methylisobormeol production in a major aqueduct system. Water Sci Technol 31:41–48
Izaguirre G, Taylor WD (1998) A Pseudanabaena species from Castaic Lake, California, that produces 2-methylisoborneol. Water Res 32:1673–1677
Jähnichen S, Jäschke K, Wieland F, Packroff G, Benndorf J (2011) Spatio-temporal distribution of cell-bound and dissolved geosmin in Wahnbach Reservoir: causes and potential odor nuisances in raw water. Water Res 45:4973–4982
Jüttner F, Watson SB (2007) Biochemical and ecological control of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in source waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4395–4406
Kakimoto M, Ishikawa T, Miyagi A, Saito K, Miyazaki M, Asaeda T, Yamaguchi M, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M (2014) Culture temperature affects gene expression and metabolic pathways in the 2-methylisoborneol-producing cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena galeata. J Plant Physiol 171:292–300
Komárek J, Hauer T (2013) CyanoDB.cz - On-line database of cyanobacterial genera. - Word-wide electronic publication, Univ. of South Bohemia and Inst. of Botany AS CR, http://www.cyanodb.cz. Accessed 10 Sept 2014
Lauderdale CV (2004) Characterization of a microbial culture capable of removing taste- and odor-causing 2-methylisoborneol from water. MSc Thesis, University of Florida
Li Z, Yu J, Yang M, Zhang J, Burch MD, Han W (2010) Cyanobacterial population and harmful metabolites dynamics during a bloom in Yanghe Reservoir, North China. Harmful Algae 9:481–488
Li Z, Hobson P, An W, Burch MD, House J, Yang M (2012) Earthy odor compounds production and loss in three cyanobacterial cultures. Water Res 46:5165–5173
Möhren S, Jüttner F (1983) Odorous compounds of different strains of Anabaena and Nostoc (cyanobacteria). Water Sci Technol 15:221–228
Mottram DS (1998) Chemical tainting of foods. Int J Food Sci Technol 33:19–29
Naes H, Utkilen HC, Post AF (1988) Factors influencing geosmin production by cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis. Water Sci Technol 20:125–131
Newcombe G, House, J, Ho L, Baker P, Burch M (2010) Management strategies for cyanobacteria (blue-green algae): a guide for water utilities; research report 74. Water Quality Research Australia. pp112
Rashash DM, Dietrich AM, Hoehn RC, Parker BC (1995) The influence of growth condition on odor-compound production by two chrysophytes and two cyanobacteria. Water Sci Technol 31:165–172
Rippka R (1988) Isolation and purification of cyanobacteria: Methods In Enzymology, Academic Press. Inc. 167:3-27
Rosen BH, McLeod BW, Simpson MR (1992) Accumulation and release of geosmin during the growth phases of Anabaena circinalis (Kutz) Rabenhorst. Water Sci Technol 25:185–190
Saadoun IM, Schrader KK, Blevins WT (2001) Environmental and nutritional factors affecting geosmin synthesis by Anabaena sp. Water Res 35:1209–1218
Schrader KK, Harries MD, Page PN (2015) Temperature effects on biomass, geosmin, and 2-methylisoborneol production and cellular activity by Nocardia spp. and Streptomyces spp. isolated from rainbow trout recirculating aquaculture systems. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 42:759–767
Shimadzu (2007) Analysis of Musty Odors using SPME-GC/MS. Shimadzu Application News, LA146-E024. No. M209, Japan
Srinivasan R (2009) Treatment of microcontaminants in drinking water. MSc Thesis. University of Cincinnati
Srinivasan R, Sorial G (2011) Treatment of taste and odor causing compounds 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in drinking water: a critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 23:1–13
Suffet IH, Khiari D, Bruchet A (1999) The drinking water taste and odor wheel for the millennium: beyond geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. Water Sci Technol 40:1–13
Tsuchiya Y, Matsumoto A (1999) Characterization of Oscillatoria f. granulata producing 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Water Sci Technol 40:245–250
Tung SC (2006) Identification and oxidation of 2-MIB and geosmin in source water. MSc Thesis. National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
Tung SC, Lin TF, Tseng IC, Lin HM (2006) Identification of 2-MIB and geosmin producers in Feng-Shen reservoir in south Taiwan. Water Sci Technol Water Suppl 6:55–61
Uwins HK (2011) Triggers for taste and odor events: a study of the microbial production of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. MSc Thesis. Griffith University, Australia
Vaara T, Vaara M, Niemelä S (1979) Two improved methods for obtaining axenic cultures of cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 38:1011–1014
Van der Ploeg MV, Dennis ME, De Regt MQ (1995) Biology of Oscillatoria cf. chalybea, a 2-methylisoborneol producing blue-green alga of Mississippi catfish ponds. Water Sci Technol 31:173–180
Vollenweider RA (1974) A manual on methods for measuring primary productivity in aquatic environments, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford
Watson SB (2004) Aquatic taste and odor: a primary signal of drinking water integrity. J Toxicol Environ Health A 67:1779–1795
Westerhoff P, Rodriguez-Hernandez M, Baker L, Sommerfeld M (2005) Seasonal occurrence and degradation of 2-methylisoborneol in water supply reservoirs. Water Res 39:4899–4912
Wu J, Hsu Y (1988) Relation of algae to earthy odors of fish in Taiwan. Bot Bull Acad Sin 29:183–188
Yan-Juan L, Zhao-Sheng C, Xiang-Can J, Qing-Ru Z, Cun-Zhen L, Wei-Feng G (2009) Geosmin production and distribution of Anabaena sp. J China Environ Sci 29:1082–1085
Zhang T, Li L, Chen W (2009) Effects of temperature and light on the growth and geosmin production of Lyngbya kuetzingii (Cyanophyta). J Appl Phycol 21:279–285
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/Iraq for the financial support given. The authors also gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. Sarmad B. Dikran, Department of Chemistry, College of Education-Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad for detailed information on the separation method (solid phase microextraction) and gas chromatography analysis. The author is grateful also to Assist. Prof. Dr. Laith Sameer Alhaider Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiya for helping in the work and offering technical advice. Sincere thanks are extended to Assistant Lecturer Mr. Mohammed K. K. Al-Kasser, Head of the gas chromatography laboratory, Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiya. Furthermore, thanks are due to Dr. Raghad Ahmed, Head of the GC/MS lab, Chemistry Department, College of Science, Almustansiriah University, for valuable assistance in the GC/MS analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alghanmi, H.A., Alkam, F.M. & AL-Taee, M.M. Effect of light and temperature on new cyanobacteria producers for geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. J Appl Phycol 30, 319–328 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1233-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1233-0