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Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning and Tornado Exposure on Long-Term Outcomes of Aggressive Children

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Abstract

This study examined whether pre-disaster indicators of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity moderated the relation between degree of disaster exposure from an EF-4 tornado and changes in the externalizing and internalizing behavior problems of children at-risk for aggression. Participants included 188 children in 4th-6th grades (65% male; 78% African American; ages 9–13) and their parents from predominantly low-income households who were participating in a prevention study when the tornado occurred in 2011. Fourth-grade children who exhibited elevated levels of aggressive behavior were recruited in three annual cohorts. Parent-rated externalizing and internalizing problems were assessed prior to the tornado (Wave 1; W1), and at 4–12 months (W2), 16–24 months (W3), 42–28 months (W4) and 56–60 months (W5) post-tornado. Children’s pre-tornado Skin Conductance Level (SCL) reactivity and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) withdrawal were assessed at W1 using SCL and RSA measured during resting baseline and during the first 5 min of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Children and parents reported their exposure to tornado-related trauma and disruptions at Wave 3. Children displayed less reduction in externalizing problems if there had been higher child- or parent-reported tornado exposure and less RSA withdrawal, or if they had lower parent-reported TORTE and less SCL reactivity or lower SCL baseline. Highlighting the importance of children’s pre-disaster arousal, higher levels of disaster exposure negatively affected children’s level of improvement in externalizing problems when children had less vagal withdrawal, and when tornado exposure disrupted the protective effects of higher SCL reactivity and higher SCL baseline.

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Notes

  1. To determine whether the Externalizing findings were due to one of its component constructs, Aggression, rather than to broad construct of externalizing problems, follow-up growth models were conducted with Aggression as the outcome. There were no significant interaction effects between the ANS variables and the TORTE variables in these analyses, indicating that the findings do involve the broad Externalizing construct rather than Aggression.

  2. Follow-up analyses examined how a Total TORTE variable (summing the parent and child report) would interact with the ANS variables. Total TORTE was found to significantly interact with the RSA Latent Change Score, t (131) = 2.239, p = .027, in the same way that the TORTE child-report and TORTE parent-report had separately significantly performed in growth models predicting the slope of Externalizing behavior problems. The Total TORTE score was not involved in significant interactions with the ANS variables in other analyses.

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Funding

The research in this paper has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (R01 HD079273) and the National Institute of Drug Abuse (R01 DA023156.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

    John E. Lochman, Andrea Glenn, Matthew Jarrett, Kristina McDonald, Nicole P. Powell, Caroline L. Boxmeyer, Francesca Kassing, Lixin Qu & Chuong Bui

  2. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Eric Vernberg & Madelaine Abel

  3. University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, San Antonio, USA

    Devon Romero

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  1. John E. Lochman
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Correspondence to John E. Lochman.

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Conflict of Interest

The first author receives royalties from Oxford University Press for the books containing intervention manualsand manuals for the Coping Power Program.

Ethical Approval 

The study procedures were approved by The University of Alabama Institutional Review Board

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Informed consent was obtained from all parents and assent from all children.Informed consent was obtained from all parents and assent from all children.

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Lochman, J.E., Vernberg, E., Glenn, A. et al. Effects of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning and Tornado Exposure on Long-Term Outcomes of Aggressive Children. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 49, 471–489 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00753-1

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