Skip to main content
Log in

Premodern Translocals: German Merchant Diaspora Between Kalmar and Northern German Towns (1250–1500)

  • Published:
International Journal of Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article explores translocal practices of German merchants settled in the late medieval town of Kalmar, Sweden. It focuses on the dual life of migrants, their simultaneous attachments to their places of origin and residence, and the significance of this splitting for the internal dynamics of diaspora. This case study also illustrates the importance of engagement with the material world for maintaining such dual relationships and prompts general exploration of the importance of material culture in diasporic and translocal lives. It discusses how things are used to fill the spaces of physical absence in the nodal points of translocal movement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Al-Ali, N., and Koser, K. (2002). Transnationalism, international migration and home. In Al-Ali, N., and Koser, K. (eds.), New approaches to migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of home, Routledge, London, pp. 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthias, F. (1998). “Diaspora”: beyond ethnicity? Sociology 32: 557–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnell, K.-H. (1973). Rapport ang. undersökning av förmodad medeltida husrest. (993/73). Unpublished archaeological report, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar.

  • Björköarätten (1979). In Holmbäck, Å., and Wessén, E. (eds.), Svenska Landskapslagar Tolkade och Förklarade för Nutidens Svenskar. 5:e Serie, AWE/Gebers, Stockholm, pp. 453–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomkvist, N. (1979). Kalmars uppkomst och äldsta tid. In Hammarström, I. (ed.), Kalmar Stads Historia I, Kulturnämnden i Kalmar, Kalmar, pp. 167–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blunt, A. (2007). Cultural geographies of migration: mobility, transnationality and diaspora. Progress in Human Geography 31: 684–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickell, K., and Datta, A. (2011). Introduction: Translocal geographies. In Brickell, K., and Datta, A. (eds.), Translocal Geographies: Spaces, Places, Connections, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brighton, S. A. (2009). Historical Archaeology of the Irish Diaspora: A Transnational Approach, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28: 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology 9: 302–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. (1997). Global Diasporas: An Introduction, Routledge, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen Ioannides, M. W., and Ioannides, D. (2006). Global Jewish tourism: Pilgrimages and remembrance. In Dallen, J. T., and Olsen, D. H. (eds.), Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys, Routledge, London, pp. 156–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, P. D. (1984). Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlbäck, G. (1998). Gast oder Bürger?: zur rechtlichen Stellung des deutschen Kaufmanns im mittelalterischen Schweden. Hansische Studien 10: 309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das Lübecker Niederstadtbuch (1363–1399). Vol. 1. (2006). In Simon, U. (ed.) Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte 56. Böhlau, Köln.

  • Digby, S. (2006). The casket of magic: home and identity from salvaged objects. Home Cultures 3: 169–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollinger, P. (1970). The German Hansa, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrkampf, P. (2005). Placing identities: transnational practices and local attachments of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31: 345–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elfwendahl, M., and Gaimster, D. (1995). I Dagmar Sellings fotspår—en ny granskning av keramiken från Slottsfjärden. Kalmar län 80: 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enbäck, B. (1993). Stadsparken I. Kalmar läns museums arkeologiska rapporter, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewert, C. U. and Salzer, S. (2006). Bridging the gap: the hanseatic merchants’ variable strategies in heterogeneous mercantile environments. Working paper prepared for the XIVth International Economic History Congress, Helsinki, Finland.

  • Fennell, C. (2003). Group identity, individual creativity, and symbolic generation in a BaKongo diaspora. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7: 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, L. (1992). Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650–1800, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, B. (1998). Deutsche in Schweden und Schweden in Deutschland um 1370. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte 46: 249–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaimster, D. (1997). German Stoneware 1200–1900: Archaeology and Cultural History, British Museum, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaimster, D. (1999). Der Keramikmarkt im Ostseeraum 1200 bis 160: Exportkeramik als Indikator für Fernhandelsbeziehungen und die Wanderung des hansischen Handwerks und Wohnkultur. In Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum II: Der Handel, Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp. 99–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaimster, D. (2001). Pelts, pitch and pottery: The archaeology of Hanseatic trade in medieval Novgorod. In Brisbane, M., and Gaimster, D. (eds.), Novgorod: The Archaeology of a Medieval Russian City and its Hinterland, Museum of London, London, pp. 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaimster, D. (2005). A parallel history: the archaeology of hanseatic urban culture in the Baltic c. 1200–1600. World Archaeology 37: 408–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gell, A. (1998). Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory, Clarendon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gielis, R. (2009). A global sense of migrant places: towards a place perspective in the study of migrant transnationalism. Global Networks 9: 271–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., and Szanton-Blanc, C. (1992). Transnationalism: A new analytic framework for understanding migration. In Glick Schiller, N., Basch, L., and Szanton-Blanc, C. (eds.), Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarnizo, L. E., and Smith, M. P. (1998). The locations of transnationalism. In Smith, M. P., and Guarnizo, L. E. (eds.), Comparative Urban and Community Research, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, S. (2006). Svenska Städer i Medeltidens Europa. En Komparativ Studie av Stadsorganisation och Politisk Kultur, Stockholm University, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammel-Kiesow, R., and Puhle, M. (2009). Die Hanse, Primus, Darmstadt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanserecesse. Die Recesse und andere Akten der Hansetage von 1256–1430. Band IV. (1877). Verlag von Duncker und Humblot, Leipzig.

  • Hatfield, M. E. (2011). British families moving home: Translocal geographies of return migration from Singapore. In Brickell, K., and Datta, A. (eds.), Translocal Geographies: Spaces, Places, Connections, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 55–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, E. (1998). Das Verhältnis der mecklenburgischen Herzöge Albrecht II. Und Albrecht III zu den skandinavischen Staaten. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte Band 46: 221–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, E. (1990). Lübeck und der Norden im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert. In Die Hanse und Nordeuropa. Handel, Politik, Kultur. Synthesekonzepte in der Geschichtsschreibung. Bericht über das 4. Deutsch-norwegische Historikertreffen in Berlin, Mai 1989. Oslo/Essen.

  • Hofren, E. (1963). Medeltida husgrunder i kv. Eken, Kalmar. Kalmar län 51: 95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, J. (1998). Biographical Objects: How Things Tell the Stories of people’s Lives, Routledge, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howson, J. (1991). Social relations and material culture: a critique of the archaeology of plantation slavery. Historical Archaeology 24(4): 78–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Immonen, V. (2007). Defining a culture: the meaning of Hanseatic in medieval Turku. Antiquity 82: 720–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenks, S. (1996). Zum hansischen Gästerecht. Hansische Geschichtsblätter 114: 3–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, V. S., Kaur, R., and Hutnyk, J. (2005). Diaspora and Hybridity, Sage, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. (2000). Aliens in Medieval law: The Origins of Modern Citizenship, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Koppe, W. (1943). Das mittelalterliche Kalmar: Eine Untersuchung zur geschichte des deutschen Seehandels und Volkstums. Hansische Geschichtsblätter 67–68: 192–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • KSTb (Kalmar stads tänkebok). (1945–49). In Modeer, I. and Engström, S. (eds.) Samlingar utg. Av. Svenska fornskriftsällskapet, Uppsala.

  • Lamberg, M. (2000). Dannemännen i Stadens råd: Rådmanskretsen i Nordiska Köpstäder Under Senmedeltiden, Stockholmia, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, S., and Menander, H. (2011). Valnötsträdet 8, Kalmar gamla stad. UV Rapport 2011:82, Riksantikvarieämbetet, Stockholm. Archaeological Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, G. (1935). Die hansischen Pfundzollisten des Jahres 1368: (18. Maärz 1368 bis 10. März 1369), Verlag des Hansischen Geschichtsvereins, Lübeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liedgren, J. (1961). Johan van Hoynghens och Vicke von Vitzens kapellstiftelser i Kalmar. Arkivvetenskapliga studier 3: 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilja, S. (1982). Kalmar under Gustav Vasa och hans söner. In Hammarström, I. (ed.), Kalmar Stads Historia II, Kulturnämnden, Kalmar, pp. 193–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilley, I. (2007). Diaspora and identity in archaeology: Moving beyond the Black Atlantic. In Preucel, R., and Meskell, L. (eds.), A Companion to Social Archaeology, Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 287–312.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, T. H. (1991). England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lönnroth, E. (1982). Kalmarunionen. In Hammarström, I. (ed.), Kalmar Stads Historia II, Kulturnämnden, Kalmar, pp. 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum II: Der Handel. (1999). Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck.

  • Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum III: Hausbau. (2001). Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck.

  • Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum VI: Luxus und Lifestyle. (2008). Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck.

  • Magnus Erikssons Stadslag. (1962). In Holmbäck, Å. and Weseen, E. (eds.) Rättshistorisk Bibliotek, Lund.

  • Marcoux, J.-S. (2001). The refurbishment of memory. In Miller, D. (ed.), Home Possessions: Material Culture Behind Closed Doors, Berg, Oxford, pp. 69–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehler, N. (2009). The perception and interpretation of Hanseatic material culture in the North Atlantic: problems and suggestions. Journal of the North Atlantic 2: 89–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. (2008). The Comfort of Things, Polity, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. (2003). Cultural geographies of transnationality. In Anderson, K., Domosh, M., Thrift, N., and Pile, S. (eds.), Handbook of Cultural Geography, Sage, London, pp. 74–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moberg, L. (1989). Lågtyskt och Svenskt i Stockholms Medeltida Tänkeböcker, Gustav Adolfs Akademien, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohrmann, R.-E. (1996). Tischgerät und Tischsitten nach Inventaren und zeitgenössichen Bildern. In Mohrmann, R.-E., and Wiegelmann, G. (eds.), Nahrung und Tischkultur im Hanseraum, Waxman, Münster, pp. 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. M. (1988). Family, marriage, and moneychanging in medieval Bruges. Journal of Medieval History 14(2): 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naum, M. (2008). Homelands Lost and Gained: Slavic Migration and Settlement on Bornholm in the Early Middle Ages, Lund Studies in Historical Archaeology, Lund University, Lund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naum, M. (2012). Ambiguous pots: everyday practice, migration and materiality. The case of medieval Baltic ware on the island of Bornholm (Denmark). Journal of Social Archaeology 12: 82–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, N., and Ring, C. (2006). Stadsparken i Kalmar Inför Byggandet av Nytt konstmuseum, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orser, C. (1998). Archaeology of the African diaspora. Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 63–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, D. (1999). Mementoes as transitional objects in human displacement. Journal of Material Culture 4: 303–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petterson, M., and Rajala, E. (1992). Arkeologisk Undersökning i kvarteret Eken och Almen, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E., and Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22: 217–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajala, E. (1986). Rapport Över Dokumentationen av Vattenledningsschakt på Kungsgatan, Gamla Stan, Kalmar Kommun, Småland, Forn. 1. nr 94, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajala, E. (2006). Björken. Fornlämning 94, Björken 1, Gamla Staden, Kalmar Stad, Småland. Arkeologisk Förundersökning 1986, Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring, C. (2007). Parkdepån i Gamla Stan (Gamla Stan 2:4), Kalmar läns museum, Kalmar. Archaeological report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosman, S. (1926). Berättelse om Utgrävningarna 1923–25 i Gamle-stan i Calmar. Sancte Christophers Gilles Chroenica 4: 3–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotz, R. (1977). The Lubeck uprising of 1408 and the decline of the Hanseatic League. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121: 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return. Diaspora 1: 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safran, W. (2005). The Jewish diaspora in a comparative and theoretical perspective. Israel Studies 10: 36–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salih, R. (2002). Shifting meanings of “home”: Consumption and identity in Moroccan women’s transnational practices between Italy and Morocco. In Al-Ali, N., and Koser, K. (eds.), New Approaches to Migration? Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home, Routledge, London, pp. 51–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzer, S., and Ewert, C. U. (2001). Verhandeln und Verkaufen, Vernetzen und Vertrauen über die Netzwerkstruktur des hansischen Handels. Hansische Geschichtsblätter 119: 135–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, H. (2008). Zur Lebensweise der Greiswalder Bürger im späten Mittelalter aus archäologischer Sicht. In Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im Hanseraum VI: Luxus und Lifestyle, Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp. 437–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schildhauer, J. (1992). Hansestädtlischer Alltag. Untersuchungen auf der Grundlage der Stralsunder Bürgertestamente com Anfang des 14. Bis zum Ausgang des 16. Jahrhunderts, Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, Weimar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schück, A. (1926). Studier rörande det svenska stadväsendets uppkomst och äldsta utveckling. Uppsala.

  • Schück, A. (1938). Ur Sveriges Medeltida Befolkningshistoria, Nordisk Kultur, vol. 11, Befolkning under medeltiden, Bonnier, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • SDHK (Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek över medeltidsbreven) (http://62.20.57.212/ra/medeltid/soksida.html)

  • Selling, D. (1979). Arkeologiska spår av det äldsta Kalmar. In Hammarström, A. (ed.), Kalmar Stads Historia I, Kulturnämnden, Kalmar, pp. 311–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selling, D. (1982). Senmedeltidens Kalmar. Miljö/Människor/Stadsplan. In Hammarström, I. (ed.), Kalmar Stads Historia II, Kulturnämnden, Kalmar, pp. 23–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheffer, G. (2003). Diaspora politics: At home abroad, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. P. (2005). Power in place/places of power: contextualizing transnational research. City and Society 17: 5–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Söderlund, K. (1999). Lifestyle in medieval Stockholm. In Lübecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarchäologie im HanseraumVI: Luxus und Lifestyle, Verlag Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp. 641–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stelter, A. (2009). Hanseatic Architecture, Grin, Norderdtedt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundqvist, B. (1957). Deutsche und Niederländische Personenbeinamen in Schweden bis 1420, Anthroponymica Suecana, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svanberg, I., and Tyden, M. (1992). Tusen år av Invandring—En Svensk Kulturhistoria, Gidlunds Bokförlag, Stockholm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, C. (2006). Objectification. In Tilley, C., Keane, W., Kuechler, S., Rowlands, M., and Spyer, P. (eds.), Handbook of Material Culture, Sage, London, pp. 60–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tilley, C. (2007). Materiality in materials. Archaeological Dialogues 14: 16–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley, D. (2002). The face of the foreigner in medieval German courtly literature. In Classen, A. (ed.), Meeting the Foreign in the Middle Ages, Routledge, New York, pp. 45–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolia-Kelly, D. (2004). Locating processes of identification: Studying the precipitates of re-memory through artefacts in the British Asian home. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (n.s.) 29: 314–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verboven, K. (2011). Resident aliens and translocal merchant organizations. In Kaizer, T., and Hekster, O. (eds.), Frontiers in the Roman world, Brill, Leiden, pp. 335–348.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and researching transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22: 447–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27: 573–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2004a). Religion and diaspora. In Antes, P. J., Geertz, A. W., and Warne, R. R. (eds.), New Appraoches to the Study of Religion, Textual, Comparative, Sociological, and Cognitive Approaches, vol. 2, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 275–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2004b). Migrants, transnationalism, and modes of transformation. International Migration Review 38: 970–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, S. (2009). Transnationalism, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogtherr, H.-J. (1996). Die Lübecker Pfundzollbücher, 1492–1496, Böhlau, Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Brandt, A. (1953). De äldsta urkunderna rörande tysk-svenska förbindelser. Några anmärkningar. Historisk tidskrift 73: 209–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Brandt, A. (1964). Regesten der Lübecker Bürgertestamente des Mittelalters. Band I: 1278–1350, Verlag Max Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Brandt, A. (1973). Regesten der Lübecker Bürgertestamente des Mittelalters. Band II: 1351–1363, Verlag Max Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weczerka, H. (1985). Lübeck und der Ostseeraum im 13./14. Jahrhundert. In Grassmann, A. (ed.), Neue Forschungen zur Geschichte der Hansestadt Lübeck, Verlag Max Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck, pp. 27–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wernicke, H. (1997). Der Hansekaufmann als Gast in fremden Landen—Aufnahme und Verhalten. In Erfen, I., and Spieß, K.-H. (eds.), Fremdheit und Reisen im Mittlealter, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 177–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegelmann, G. (1996). Thesen und Fragen nach zur Prägung von Nahrung und Tischkultur im Hanseraum. In Mohrmann, R.-E., and Wiegelmann, G. (eds.), Nahrung und Tischkultur im Hanseraum, Waxman, Münster, pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wubs-Mrozewicz, J. (2004). Interplay of identities: German settlers in Late Medieval Stockholm. Scandinavian Journal of History 29: 53–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wubs-Mrozewicz, J. (2008). Traders, Ties, and Tensions: The interaction of Lübeckers, Overijsslers and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen, Verloren, Hilversum.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Cecilia Ring and Birgit Körge from Kalmar Museum in Kalmar and Jonas Nordin from National Historical Museum in Stockholm for their help in my museum research. I am grateful to James Barrett, David Gaimster and Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz for their valuable comments on the drafts of the article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Magdalena Naum.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Naum, M. Premodern Translocals: German Merchant Diaspora Between Kalmar and Northern German Towns (1250–1500). Int J Histor Archaeol 17, 376–400 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0226-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-013-0226-1

Keywords

Navigation