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Relationship between genetic, chemical, and bacterial diversity in the Atlanto-Mediterranean bath sponge Spongia lamella

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Abstract

Does diversity beget diversity? Diversity includes a diversity of concepts because it is linked to variability in and of life and can be applied to multiple levels. The connections between multiple levels of diversity are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationships between genetic, bacterial, and chemical diversity of the endangered Atlanto-Mediterranean sponge Spongia lamella. These levels of diversity are intrinsically related to sponge evolution and could have strong conservation implications. We used microsatellite markers, denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and high performance liquid chromatography to quantify genetic, bacterial, and chemical diversity of nine sponge populations. We then used correlations to test whether these diversity levels covaried. We found that sponge populations differed significantly in genetic, bacterial, and chemical diversity. We also found a strong geographic pattern of increasing genetic, bacterial, and chemical dissimilarity with increasing geographic distance between populations. However, we failed to detect significant correlations between the three levels of diversity investigated in our study. Our results suggest that diversity fails to beget diversity within a single species and indicates that a diversity of factors regulates a diversity of diversities, which highlights the complex nature of the mechanisms behind diversity.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Emilio Casamayor, Alastair Hamilton, and Olivier Thomas for technical support. We also thank Thierry Perez for the various samples in the area of Marseille, Joanna Xavier for the sponge specimens from Portugal, and Josep Carreras Carbonel, Andrea Blanquer, and Xavier Turon for their help during field sampling in Spain. Research funded by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ECIMAR), from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology SOLID (CTM2010-17755) and Benthomics (CTM2010-22218-C02-01) and the BIOCAPITAL project (MRTN-CT-2004-512301) of the European Union. This is a contribution of the Consolidated Research Group “Grupo de Ecología Bentónica,” SGR2009-655.

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  1. Department of Marine Ecology, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Acceso Cala St. Francesc 14, Blanes, 17300, Girona, Spain

    Charlotte Noyer

  2. Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain

    Mikel A. Becerro

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  1. Charlotte Noyer
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Correspondence to Mikel A. Becerro.

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Guest editors: M. Maldonado, X. Turon, M. A. Becerro & M. J. Uriz / Ancient animals, new challenges: developments in sponge research

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Noyer, C., Becerro, M.A. Relationship between genetic, chemical, and bacterial diversity in the Atlanto-Mediterranean bath sponge Spongia lamella . Hydrobiologia 687, 85–99 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0884-0

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