Abstract
In this document, we outline the challenges faced by patients and clinicians in heart failure, specifically centered around the needed coordination of care among the various subspecialties within cardiovascular medicine. We call for a more organized and collaborative effort among clinicians in primary care, general cardiology, electrophysiology, interventional cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, cardiac imaging, and heart failure—all caring for mutual patients. Care is contextualized within the framework of two phases: a cardiomyopathy phase and an advanced heart failure phase, each of which lends to different considerations in therapy. Ultimately multidisciplinary coordinated care within cardiovascular medicine may lead to greater patient and clinician satisfaction as well as improved outcomes, but this remains to be investigated.
Introduction
Man, that inveterate dreamer… ~ Andre Breton Manifesto of Surrealism, 1924
Andre Breton’s Manifesto of Surrealism inspires to go beyond the “imperative practical necessity” of everyday reality to the perception of a higher realm. By freeing the mind from established constructs, we are unlimited in the design of an ideal model and effect a paradigm shift.
Heart failure (HF) is a worldwide epidemic of growing proportions with 26 million affected in an increasing aging population. Acute decompensation of HF is the most common cause of hospitalization in the USA and in Europe, accounting for over 1 million admissions respectively [1]. While guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and device-based therapies have significantly improved symptoms and survival in patients with advanced heart failure, penetration is still highly variable within the USA and internationally [2].
Challenges for the modern-day heart failure patient
The contemporary HF patient often has more than one cardiovascular (CV) issue, requiring optimal management to extend beyond pharmacotherapy alone. Rather, comprehensive management lies at the intersection of multiple subspecialties within CV medicine in addition to other organ systems. For example, a stable patient with newly diagnosed heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) routinely undergoes an ischemic evaluation to understand the etiology of reduced left ventricular function and as such may require diagnostic procedures from an interventional cardiologist and then potential consideration of revascularization from a cardiothoracic (CT) surgeon. Once GDMT is optimized, this same patient may be referred for implantation of a primary prevention defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy as appropriate by an electrophysiologist, who then follows longitudinally for management of arrhythmias; ablation of supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias, if present, may ensue. Should the patient develop refractory symptoms due to ischemia and/or valvular disease, (re-)counsel of a cardiothoracic surgeon or interventional cardiologist for consideration of appropriate interventions may then be necessary. Throughout this course, a number of imaging studies will be performed, requiring the input of a cardiac imaging specialist. Thus, the longitudinal journey of a HF patient may entail exposure to 4 or more cardiology specialists, as well as at least one cardiothoracic surgeon.
The past 3 decades have yielded prodigious advances in the treatment of HF which once consisted of only digoxin and diuretics. Table 1 summarizes many of the key discoveries made in pharmacology and device-based therapies. Treatment options now span pharmacotherapy, ablations, coronary revascularization, percutaneous structural heart interventions, implantation of devices, valvular surgeries, durable ventricular assist devices, and transplantation. This increasingly complex web of therapies requires impeccable communication among physicians and healthcare practitioners to deliver optimal, coordinated, longitudinal care. The reality, however, is that care is often fragmented and episodic, leaving patients confused and frustrated with suboptimal outcomes.
Current state of the management of the patient with HF patient
Different models of multidisciplinary care have been developed in many centers to improve outcomes in HF patients, whether they are to address complex dyspnea, prevent readmissions, manage cardiogenic shock, and transition from hospital to home, or for coordinating care of extracardiac complications [7,8,9,10]. Optimal outcomes must start with coordinated care within the CV team itself. From there, some teams involve specialists from other specialties, while others involve ancillary staff, nurse practitioners, social work, pharmacy, and nutrition.
To better gauge perceptions of intra-disciplinary care within CV medicine and surgery in the management of HF patients, an 8-question survey was administered to general cardiologists, electrophysiologists, interventional cardiologists, HF specialists, CT surgeons, CV nurse practitioners (NP), physician assistants (PA), and registered nurses across 9 tertiary care centers. These included St. Vincent Heart Center, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Kansas University Medical Center, University of North Carolina Health Center, Tufts Medical Center, Florida Hospital Center, and Cleveland Clinic.
Voluntary participation in this multicenter survey resulted in nearly 400 respondents, almost half of whom were advanced practice providers (NPs or PAs) and registered nurses (Fig. 1). All CV subspecialties and CT surgery were well represented. Approximately 70% of participants stated that cross-collaboration was “good” or “excellent,” with a similar proportion stating that care was delivered in a mostly coordinated, time-efficient manner. However, nearly 95% of respondents believed that improved communication in CV medicine would result in improved HF care. Less than one-third of clinicians endorsed participation in routine intra-disciplinary discussions, and only 43% reported regular review of practice guidelines in subspecialties other than their own. Despite the inclusion of only tertiary care, largely academic hospitals with specialized HF centers, the results of this survey corroborate the need for improved intra-disciplinary partnerships and coordination for delivery of optimal care to patients with advanced CV disease.
So, if one were to apply Breton’s ideology to the management of intra-disciplinary patients today and move from current practice to ascend through an ideal and more present-time model of care, what would it look like?
The “surreal” or ideal approach to HF management
Deconstructing the linear model
In the iconic schema of HF management by stages, care is depicted as a stepwise ladder with the patient becoming progressively sicker and in need of escalating therapies as they reach the top (Fig. 2). This approach however often results in the involvement of subspecialists within cardiology only once patients reach end-stage levels. Too often, appropriate therapies are considered too late, potentially leading to unfavorable outcomes.
We propose therefore, moving from the linear, stepwise ladder to a “jungle gym” construct (Fig. 3) allowing for both vertical and lateral movement to denote progression. At times, patients may proceed laterally between CV specialists such when an EP refers a CRT non-responder to CT surgery for epicardial LV lead placement; other times patients move vertically such as when present in decompensated heart failure requiring hemodynamic-guided therapy before moving back down to the care of their community cardiologists. Rather in the present era, heart teams are required to ensure the appropriateness of an intervention. Consideration of MitraClip is an example wherein the patient is evaluated by a HF specialist, a CT surgeon, and an interventional cardiologist to proceed or not proceed with the procedure. These teams have evolved in accordance with how the clinical trial was conducted and allowed for excellent outcomes.
Phases of disease
Within this cardio-centric and team-based framework, two phases of care are recognized: (a) the chronic HF phase and (b) the advanced HF phase. With respect to terminology, the “chronic HF phase” is replaced with a “cardiomyopathy” phase [11]. Adaptation of this terminology allows a reframing of our lexicon to better represent the patients who enjoy long periods of stability with good quality of life, often protesting they do not feel like they “are failing.” The subsequent phase of disease would accordingly be referred to simply as “heart failure” in lieu of “advanced heart failure,” reflecting progression to a phase characterized by refractory symptoms and clinical deterioration. Using the current blanket term of “heart failure” across phases of disease often dilutes a sense of urgency needed to identify clinical decline. Rather, applying the term “failure” exclusively to the latter phase conveys a more selective and appropriate sense of urgency for patients and providers to escalate care as needed.
Cardiomyopathy phase
In the cardiomyopathy phase, the primary CV provider (who may be the primary care physician, internist, nurse practitioner, or general cardiologist) serves as the principal champion for the patient (Fig. 4). Standard CV procedures are performed for evaluation of hemodynamic stability, myocardial function, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, coronary disease, end-organ function, and functional capacity as indicated. An initial evaluation followed by annual (or biennial in asymptomatic patients) assessment by a HF specialist is recommended for diagnostic purposes (particularly in non-ischemic cases, e.g., rule out amyloid, sarcoid, and other infiltrative diseases) to review response to treatment and for risk stratification. This specialized HF assessment should become routine practice and embedded in providers’ minds similar to how mammography and colonoscopy screenings are reflexively considered standard of care. Importantly, this approach is also in line with and further expands the recommendations of the Consensus Decision Pathway for Optimization of HF Treatment [12]. The present model of collaborative care distinctly focuses on the web of providers within CV medicine and surgery that is designated to deliver optimal and coordinated care to HF patients. The HF specialist serves to ensure conventional therapies are exhausted before advanced options are considered and, if so, shepherds patients to the next phase of care.
Heart failure phase
If and when a patient meets any criteria that define advanced HF (Table 2), he/she will be confronted with advanced therapeutic options utilizing the expertise of the same CV subspecialties that contributed to his/her care during the chronic HF (cardiomyopathy phase) [4, 12].
The primary patient champion in this advanced phase shifts from the general cardiology provider to the HF specialist. For appropriate patients, conversations with patients and families about advanced treatment options, including left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and transplant, eligibility assessment, and interventions to overcome potential barriers, deserve early consideration.
In view of the severity and complexity of this (advanced) HF phase (Fig. 5), each discipline including interventional cardiology, CT surgery, electrophysiology, and cardiac imaging will serve as integral members of the HF team. This team will also be joined by pharmacy, social work, palliative care, infectious disease, cardiac surgery, and other pertinent specialists for the purposes of integrating multidisciplinary patient care [13]. Once bonds within the collaboration are strengthened for this purpose, communication with other subspecialists in medicine, general surgery, and other departments will be also more streamlined and effective.
Once patients are stabilized and return back to the “cardiomyopathy” stage either with medical or device therapy, it may be entirely appropriate for their care to return back to their primary CV provider.
Translating the surreal into reality
What are the practical ways in which this surreal model of care can be integrated into everyday practice? What are the necessary tools? What are the barriers?
Technology
Communication, connectivity, and access on both the patient and provider team levels are integral to the collaborative care of HF patients. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has taught us how effective communication can be with the appropriate use of technology. Timely provider correspondence has improved with mobile device technology. Remote providers from different centers can log in for teleconferences. Radiology, labs, and notes can be shared between centers’ EMR. For patients with geographic barriers to intra-disciplinary care, virtual visits may be the solution [14]. Remote diagnostic imaging is also feasible and may expedite patient care [15]. Use of such modes of evaluation may effectively limit costs (both in terms of time and lost productivity) to patients who would benefit from seeing multiple providers for their CV care. Reimbursement for virtual visits is evolving, but is gaining acceptance among both government and private payers [16].
As internet access has become nearly ubiquitous, remote patient monitoring is bringing patients closer to their providers. Electrophysiologists routinely monitor device performance and arrhythmic complications for HF patients via implantable devices. Implantable pulmonary artery pressure sensors can provide accurate ambulatory hemodynamic data, which can be used to effectively manage HF patients at home and identify patients beginning to decompensate. LVADs will also have the capabilities for remote monitoring in the future. The arena of remote monitoring is ripe for synergistic collaboration among CV subspecialists and machine learning can further develop algorithms to identify failing patients. The remote and virtual needs of our patients during the pandemic may highlight this need more than ever.
Educating the workforce
Maintaining competency in the current era of evolving technologies and increasing patient complexity is a challenge, and our survey results demonstrate that even in a cohort largely composed of academic institutions, less than half of respondents regularly review literature outside of their CV subspecialty. However, since few practitioners have the time or resources to attend multiple conferences per year, multidisciplinary educational rounds and conferences are effective platforms for CV subspecialties to understand one another’s diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, decision-making priorities, and clinical guidelines. For example, a structural heart interventionalist featured at an HF meeting for the management of valvular disease can provide insight into different approaches to complex patients. Finally, novel pathways for post-graduate education have been and are being developed. A 2004 manuscript by Adamson and colleagues has proposed a formal training program wherein HF trainees would gain proficiency in the cognitive and technical aspects of device implantation, and now serves as a guiding principle for these budding dual-fellowship options [17].
Recently, growing interest and clinical demand have led to the development of interventional HF programs, whereby interventional cardiologists fulfill training requirements for advanced HF, thereby allowing them to think like an HF specialist, while operating like interventional cardiologists [18,19,20].
Conclusions
The modern-day HF patient is increasingly complex and requires highly specialized knowledge across CV disciplines. Simultaneously, GDMT and devices are yielding dramatically better clinical outcomes in symptomology and survival. This commentary challenges current constructs of care and suggests a paradigm shift wherein communication and collaboration and ownership of patients flow freely from primary cardiology providers to subspecialists and back. The ultimate goal is for every HF patient, regardless of geography to receive evidence-based, cost-effective, coordinated care at the right time by the right providers.
References
Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Nodari S, Lam CSP, Sato N, Shah AN, Gheorghiade M (2014) The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 63(12):1123–1133
Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2017) Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 135(10):e146–e603
Yancy CW et al (2017) 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 136(6):e137–e161
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJV, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WHW, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 128(16):1810–1852
Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, Januzzi J, Verma S, Tsutsui H, Brueckmann M, Jamal W, Kimura K, Schnee J, Zeller C, Cotton D, Bocchi E, Böhm M, Choi D-J, Chopra V, Chuquiure E, Giannetti N, Janssens S, Zhang J, Juanatey JRG, Kaul S, Rocca H-P B-L, Merkely B, Nicholls SJ, Perrone S, Pina I, Ponikowski P, Sattar N, Senni M, Seronde M-F, Spinar J, Squire I, Taddei S, Wanner C, Zannad F, EMPEROR-Reduced Trial Investigators (2020) Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022190
McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Bělohlávek J, Böhm M, Chiang C-E, Chopra VK, de Boer RA, Desai AS, Diez M, Drozdz J, Dukát A, Ge J, Howlett JG, Katova T, Kitakaze M, Ljungman CEA, Merkely B, Nicolau JC, O'Meara E, Petrie MC, Vinh PN, Schou M, Tereshchenko S, Verma S, Held C, DeMets DL, Docherty KF, Jhund PS, Bengtsson O, Sjöstrand M, Langkilde A-M, DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators (2019) Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 381:1995–2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303
McAlister FA et al (2004) Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(4):810–819
Christ M, Mueller C (2016) Editor’s choice- call to action: initiation of multidisciplinary care for acute heart failure begins in the emergency department. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 5(2):141–149
Mentz RJ, Kelly JP, von Lueder TG, Voors AA, Lam CSP, Cowie MR, Kjeldsen K, Jankowska EA, Atar D, Butler J, Fiuzat M, Zannad F, Pitt B, O’Connor CM (2014) Noncardiac comorbidities in heart failure with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(21):2281–2293
Bando K (2017) The challenge continues: a multiphase, multidisciplinary approach is necessary for providing the best quality of life in geriatric patients after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 154(5):1679–1680
Stevenson LW (2017) Who would be branded with failure? Circulation 136(15):1359–1361
Yancy CW, Januzzi JL Jr, Allen LA, Butler J, Davis LL, Fonarow GC, Ibrahim NE, Jessup M, Lindenfeld J, Maddox TM, Masoudi FA, Motiwala SR, Patterson JH, Walsh MN, Wasserman A (2018) 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Optimization of Heart Failure Treatment: answers to 10 pivotal issues about heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 71(2):201–230
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare program: payment policies under the physician fee. Fed Regist. 2010;75:73369–73418
Kuehn BM (2016) Telemedicine helps cardiologists extend their reach. Circulation 134(16):1189–1191
Boman K, Olofsson M, Berggren P, Sengupta PP, Narula J (2014) Robot-assisted remote echocardiographic examination and teleconsultation: a randomized comparison of time to diagnosis with standard of care referral approach. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(8):799–803
Telehealth and remote patient monitoring use in Medicare and selected federal programs. . 2016, Government Accountability Office (GAO). p. 17–135
Adamson PB, Abraham WT, Love C, Reynolds D (2004) The evolving challenge of chronic heart failure management: a call for a new curriculum for training heart failure specialists. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(7):1354–1357
Kapur NK, Dimas V, Sorajja P, Borlaug BA, Fang J, Kern M, Naidu SS (2015) The Interventional Heart Failure Initiative: a mission statement for the next generation of invasive cardiologists. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 86(2):353–355
Shah SJ (2016) Interventional heart failure: a new field. EuroIntervention 12(Suppl X):X85–X88
Kapur NK, Davila CD, Jumean MF (2017) Integrating interventional cardiology and heart failure management for cardiogenic shock. Interv Cardiol Clin 6(3):481–485
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lala, A., Ravichandran, A.K., Chien, C.V. et al. A manifesto of collaborative longitudinal cardiovascular care in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 25, 1089–1097 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-10025-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-10025-1