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The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake

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Abstract

Besides generating seismic waves, which eventually dissipate, an earthquake also generates a static displacement field everywhere within the Earth. This global displacement field rearranges the Earth’s mass thereby causing the Earth’s rotation and gravitational field to change. The size of this change depends upon the magnitude, focal mechanism, and location of the earthquake. The Sumatran earthquake of December 26, 2004 is the largest earthquake to have occurred since the 1960 Chilean earthquake. Using a spherical, layered Earth model, the coseismic effect of the Sumatran earthquake upon the Earth’s length-of-day, polar motion, and low-degree harmonic coefficients of the gravitational field are computed. Using a model of the earthquake source that is composed of five subevents having a total moment-magnitude M w of 9.3, it is found that this earthquake should have caused the length-of-day to decrease by 6.8 microseconds, the position of the Earth’s generalized figure axis to shift 2.32 milliarcseconds towards 127° E longitude, the Earth’s oblateness J 2 to decrease by 2.37 × 10−11 and the Earth’s pear-shapedness J 3 to decrease by 0.63 × 10−11. The predicted change in the length-of-day, position of the generalized figure axis, and J 3 are probably not detectable by current measurement systems. But the predicted change in oblateness is perhaps detectable if other effects, such as those of the atmosphere, oceans, and continental water storage, can be adequately removed from the observations.

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Acknowledgements

The work of RSG described in this paper was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Support for this work was provided by the Solid Earth and Natural Hazards program of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    Richard S. Gross

  2. College of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Chung-li, Taiwan, ROC

    Benjamin F. Chao

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  1. Richard S. Gross
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  2. Benjamin F. Chao
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Correspondence to Richard S. Gross.

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Gross, R.S., Chao, B.F. The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake. Surv Geophys 27, 615–632 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1

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