Abstract
The analysis of geographical patterns in population divergence has always been a powerful way to infer microevolutionary processes involved in population differentiation, and several approaches have been used to investigate such patterns. Most frequently, multivariate spatial patterns of population differentiation are analyzed by computing pairwise genetic distances or FST (or related statistics, such as ϕST from AMOVA), which are then correlated with geographical distances or landscape features. However, when calculating distances, especially based on presence-absence of alleles in local populations, there would be a confounding effect of allelic richness differences in the population differentiation. Moreover, the relative magnitude of these components and their spatial patterns can help identifying microevolutionary processes driving population differentiation. Here we show how recent methodological advances in ecological community analyses that allows partitioning dissimilarity into turnover (turnover) and richness differences, or nestedness-resultant dissimilarity, can be applied to allelic variation data, using an endemic Cerrado tree (Dipteryx alata) as a case study. Individuals from 15 local populations were genotyped for eight microsatellite loci, and pairwise dissimilarities were computed based on presence-absence of alleles. The turnover of alleles among populations represented 69 % of variation in dissimilarity, but only the richness difference component shows a clear spatial structure, appearing as a westward decrease of allelic richness. We show that decoupling richness difference and turnover components of allelic variation reveals more clearly how similarity among populations reflects geographical patterns in allelic diversity that can be interpreted in respect to historical range expansion in the species.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida-Neto M, Guimarães P, Guimarães-Jr PR, Loyola RD, Ulrich W (2008) A consistent metric for nestedness analysis in ecological systems: reconciling concept and quantification. Oikos 117:1227–1239
Almeida-Neto M, Frensel DMB, Ulrich W (2012) Rethinking the relationship between nestedness and betadiversity: a comment on Baselga (2010). Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21(7):772–777
Barbujani G (1987) Autocorrelation of gene frequencies under isolation-by-distance. Genetics 177:772–782
Baselga A (2010) Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:134–143
Baselga A (2012) The relationship between species replacement, dissimilarity derived from nestedness, and nestedness. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21 (in press)
Borcard D, Legendre P (2012) Is the mantel correlogram powerful enough to be useful in ecological analysis? A simulation study. Ecology 93:1473–1481
Cabarello A, Rodriguez-Ramilo ST (2010) A new method for the partition of allelic diversity within and between subpopulations. Conserv Genet 11:2219–2229
Carvalho JC, Cardoso P, Gomes P (2012) Determining the relative roles of species replacement and species richness differences in generating beta-diversity patterns. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21(7):760–771
Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University press, Princeton
Collevatti RG, Lima JS, Soares TN, Telles MPC (2010) Spatial genetic structure and life-history traits in Cerrado tree species: inferences for conservation. Nat Conserv 8:54–59
Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM (2011) Geographical patterns in biodiversity: towards an integration of concepts and methods from genes to species diversity. Nat Conserv 9:179–187
Diniz-Filho JAF, Nabout JC, Telles MPC, Soares TN, Rangel TFLVB (2009) A review of techniques for spatial modeling in geographical, conservation and landscape genetics. Genet Mol Biol 32:203–211
Diniz-Filho JAF, Melo DB, Oliveira G, Collevatti RG, Soares TN, Nabout JC, Lima JS, Dobrovolski R, Chaves LJ, Naves RV, Loyola RD, Telles MPC (2012a) Planning for optimal conservation of geographical genetic variability within species. Conserv Genet 13:1085–1093
Diniz-Filho JAF, Siqueira T, Padial AA, Rangel TF, Landeiro VL, Bini LM (2012b) Spatial autocorrelation analysis allows disentangling the balance between neutral and niche processes in metacommunities. Oikos 121:201–210
Dobrovolski R, Melo AS, Cassemiro FAZ, Diniz-Filho JAF (2012) Climatic history and dispersal ability explain the relative importance of turnover and nestedness components of beta-diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21:191–197
Dray S, Legendre P, Peres-Neto PR (2006) Spatial modeling: a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices (PCNM). Ecol Model 196:483–493
El Mousadik A, Petit RJ (1996) High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] endemic to Morocco. Theor Appl Genet 92:832–839
Epperson BK (1995) Spatial distribution of genotypes under isolation by distance. Genetics 140:1431–1440
Epperson BK (1996) Measurement of genetic structure within populations using Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation statistics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10528–10532
Epperson BK (2003) Geographical genetics. Princeton University press, Princeton
Excoffier L, Ray N (2008) Surfing during population expansions promotes genetic revolutions and structuration. Trends Ecol Evol 23:347–351
Excoffier L, Foll M, Petit RJ (2009) Genetic consequences of range expansion. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:481–501
Felsenstein J (2004) Inferring phylogenies. Sinauer Press, New York
Griffith DA, Peres-Neto P (2006) Spatial modeling in ecology: the flexibility of eigenfunction spatial analyses. Ecology 87:2603–2613
Hardy OJ, Vekemans X (1999) Isolation by distance in a continuous population: reconciliation between spatial autocorrelation analysis and population genetics models. Genetics 83:145–154
Holsinger KE, Weir BS (2009) Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting FST. Nat Rev Genet 10:639–650
Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical ecology, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Manly BFJ (1985) The statistics of natural selection. Chapman and Hall, London
Manly BFJ (1997) Randomization, bootstrap, and Monte Carlo methods in biology. Chapman and Hall, London
Nogués-Bravo D (2009) Predicting the past distribution of species climatic niches. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 18:521–531
Oden N, Sokal RR (1986) Directional autocorrelation: an extension of spatial correlograms to two dimensions. Syst Zool 35:608–617
Peres-Neto PR, Legendre P (2010) Estimating and controlling for spatial structure in the study of ecological communities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19:174–184
Rangel TFLVB, Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM (2006) Towards an integrated computational tool for spatial analysis in macroecology and biogeography. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:321–327
Rangel TFLVB, Diniz-Filho JAF, Bini LM (2010) SAM:a comprehensive application for spatial analysis in macroecology. Ecography 33:46–50
Rousset F (1997) Genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from F-statistics under isolation-by-distance. Genetics 145:1219–1228
Rousset F (2004) Genetic structure and selection in subdivided population. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Smouse PE, Peakall R (1999) Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity 82:561–573
Soares TN, Chaves LJ, Telles MPC, Diniz-Filho JAF, Resende LV (2008) Landscape conservation genetics of Dipteryx alata (‘‘baru’’ tree: Fabaceae) from Cerrado region of central Brazil. Genetica 132:9–19
Soares TN, Melo DB, Resende LV, Vianello RP, Chaves LJ, Collevatti RG, Telles MPC (2012) Development of microsatellite markers for the Neotropical tree species Dipteryx alata (Fabacea). Am J Bot 99:e72–e73
Soininen J, MacDonald R, Hillebrand H (2007) The distance decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecography 30:3–12
Sokal RR (1979) Testing statistical significance of geographic variation patterns. Syst Zool 28:227–232
Sokal RR, Oden NL (1978a) Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 1. Methodology. Biol J Linn Soc 10:199–228
Sokal RR, Oden NL (1978b) Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 2. Some biological implications and four applications of evolutionary and ecological interest. Biol J Linn Soc 10:229–249
Sokal RR, Wartenberg DE (1983) A test of spatial autocorrelation analysis using an isolation-by-distance model. Genetics 105:219–237
Sokal RR, Smouse P, Neel JV (1986) The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama indians. XV. Patterns inferred by autocorrelation analysis. Genetics 114:259–287
Sokal RR, Oden NL, Wilson C (1991) Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion. Nature 351:143–145
Sokal RR, Oden N, Thomson BA (1997) A simulation study of microevolutionary inferences by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Biol J Linn Soc 60:73–93
Vekemans X, Hardy OJ (2004) New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Mol Ecol 13:921–935
Acknowledgments
We thank Andrés Baselga and one anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved the original manuscript. Our research program integrating macroecology and molecular ecology of plants has been continuously supported by several grants and fellowships to the research network GENPAC (Geographical Genetics and Regional Planning for natural resources in Brazilian Cerrado) from CNPq/MCT/CAPES (projects # 564717/2010-0 and 563624/2010-8) and by the “Núcleo de Excelência em Genética e Conservação de Espécies do Cerrado”—GECER (PRONEX/FAPEG/CNPq CP 07-2009). Field work has been supported by Systema Naturae Consultoria Ambiental LTDA. Work by J.A.F.D.-F., M.P.C.T. and R.G.C. has been continuously supported by productivity fellowships from CNPq.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Collevatti, R.G., Soares, T.N. et al. Geographical patterns of turnover and nestedness-resultant components of allelic diversity among populations. Genetica 140, 189–195 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-012-9670-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-012-9670-9