Abstract
The urease is an enzyme present under wide variety in nature and produced by bacteria, fungi, algae, and invertebrate in which has the function of catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea by forming as final product carbonic acid and ammonium. Thus, this article aims to present a bibliographic review about the application of the urease in the engineering as a technique called microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) or biocementation; giving an overview about the urease mechanism of action, kinetic properties, specific methods of the urease monitoring activity in engineering and the most recent findings in the field. Also, the review identified three main areas of the application of MICP in engineering, which are: improvement of geomechanical properties of sandy soils; bioremediation of contaminated soils by toxic metals, and the MICP technique incorporated into the mortars and concretes materials as a substitute of the conventional cement. So, the findings regard that the urease is a promising and efficient on the increase of soil load capacity. In the field of bioremediation, immobilization of metal ions is promising, and variables such as rainfall must be added in the experiments to quantify the leaching of metals immobilized during the biocementation process. As for the applicability of the MICP technique for self-healing and revitalization of cracks in concretes and mortars, it is extremely useful and ecofriendly while providing the improvement of mechanical strength, durability and water absorption evidenced in relation to the state-of-the-art.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Abo-el-enein SA, Ali AH, Talkhan FN (2013a) Application of microbial biocementation to improve the physico-mechanical properties of cement mortar. HBRC J 9:36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2012.10.004
Abo-el-enein SA, Ali AH, Talkhan FN (2013b) Utilization of microbial induced calcite precipitation for sand consolidation and mortar crack remediation. HBRC J 8:185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.02.001
Achal V, Pan X (2014) Influence of calcium sources on microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation by Bacillus sp. CR2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 173:307–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0842-1
Achal V, Mukherjee A, Basu PC, Reddy MS (2009) Strain improvement of Sporosarcina pasteurii for enhanced urease and calcite production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36:981–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-009-0578-z
Achal V, Pan X, Fu Q, Zhang D (2012a) Biomineralization based remediation of As(III) contaminated soil by Sporosarcina ginsengisoli. J Hazard Mater 201–202:178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.067
Achal V, Pan X, Zhang D, Fu Q (2012b) Bioremediation of Pb-contaminated soil based on microbially induced calcite precipitation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:244–247. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1108.08033
Achal V, Pan X, Lee DJ et al (2013) Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation. Chemosphere 93:1352–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.008
Al Qabany A, Soga K, Santamarina C (2012) Factors affecting efficiency of microbially induced calcite precipitation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 138:992–1001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000666
Al-Salloum Y, Hadi S, Abbas H et al (2017) Bio-induction and bioremediation of cementitious composites using microbial mineral precipitation—a review. Constr Build Mater 154:857–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.203
Amin M, Zomorodian SMA, O’Kelly BC (2017) Reducing the hydraulic erosion of sand using microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. Proc Inst Civ Eng Improv 170:112–122
Amiri A, Azima M, Bas Z (2018) Crack remediation in mortar via biomineralization: effects of chemical admixtures on biogenic calcium carbonate. Constr Build Mater 190:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.083
Anbu P, Kang CH, Shin YJ, So JS (2016) Formations of calcium carbonate minerals by bacteria and its multiple applications. SpringerPlus 5:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1869-2
Barabesi C, Galizzi A, Mastromei G et al (2007) Bacillus subtilis gene cluster involved in calcium carbonate biomineralization. J Bacteriol 189:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01450-06
Bäuerlein E (2003) Biomineralization of unicellular organisms: an unusual membrane biochemistry for the production of inorganic nano- and microstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:614–641
Bäuerlein E (2004) Biomineralization: progress in biology, molecular biology and application. Wiley, Weinheim
Burbank MB, Weaver TJ, Green TL et al (2011) Precipitation of calcite by indigenous microorganisms to strengthen liquefiable soils. Geomicrobiol J 28:301–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2010.499929
Burbank MB, Weaver T, Lewis R et al (2013) Geotechnical tests of sands following bioinduced calcite precipitation catalyzed by indigenous bacteria. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139:928–936. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000781
Ça Y, Verbruggen H, De GI et al (2016) Nitrate reducing CaCO3 precipitating bacteria survive in mortar and inhibit steel corrosion. Cem Concr Res 83:19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.01.009
Cardoso R et al (2020) About calcium carbonate precipitation on sand biocementation. Eng Geol 271:105612
Castro-Alonso MJ, Montañez-Hernandez LE, Sanchez-Muñoz MA et al (2019) Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and its potential in bioconcrete: microbiological and molecular concepts. Front Mater 6:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2019.00126
Chen X, Achal V (2019a) Biostimulation of carbonate precipitation process in soil for copper immobilization. J Hazard Mater 368:705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.108
Chen X, Achal V (2019b) Biostimulation of carbonate precipitation process in soil for copper immobilization. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.108
Cheng L, Shahin MA, Cord-Ruwisch R (2014) Soil stabilisation by microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP): investigation into some physical and environmental aspects. Geotechnique 64:1010–1013
Cheshomi A, Mansouri S, Amoozegar MA (2018) Improving the shear strength of quartz sand using the microbial method. Geomicrobiol J 35:749–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2018.1462868
Choi SG, Wang K, Wen Z, Chu J (2017) Mortar crack repair using microbial induced calcite precipitation method. Cem Concr Compos 83:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.013
Christians S, Kaltwasser H (1986) Nickel-content of urease from Bacillus pasteurii. Arch Microbiol 145:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413026
Costagliola P, Rimondi V, Benvenuti M et al (2007) Arsenic uptake by natural calcites: preliminary results from sequential extraction of Italian Travertines. In: IMWA symposium 2007, VN readcube.com
DeJong JT, Soga K, Banwart SA et al (2011) Soil engineering in vivo: harnessing natural biogeochemical systems for sustainable, multi-functional engineering solutions. J R Soc Interface 8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0270
Dhami NK, Reddy MS, Mukherjee MS (2013) Biomineralization of calcium carbonates and their engineered applications: a review. Front Microbiol 4:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00314
Duo L, Kan-liang T, Hui-li Z et al (2018) Experimental investigation of solidifying desert Aeolian sand using microbially induced calcite precipitation. Constr Build Mater 172:251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.255
Estabragh AR, Kholoosi M, Ghaziani F, Javadi AA (2018) Mechanical and leaching behavior of a stabilized and solidified anthracene-contaminated soil. J Environ Eng 144:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001311
Feng K, Montoya BM (2015) Drained shear strength of MICP sand at varying cementation levels. In: IFCEE, pp 2242–2251. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.208
Feng K, Montoya BM, Evans TM (2017) Discrete element method simulations of bio-cemented sands. Comput Geotech 85:139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.12.028
Frankel RB (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria. Rev Miner Geochem 54:95–114. https://doi.org/10.2113/0540095
Fujita Y, Grant Ferris F, Daniel Lawson R et al (2000) Calcium carbonate precipitation by ureolytic subsurface bacteria. Geomicrobiol J 17:305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/782198884
Fujita Y, Taylor JL, Gresham TLT et al (2008) Stimulation of microbial urea hydrolysis in groundwater to enhance calcite precipitation. Environ Sci Technol 42:3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702643g
Gat D, Tsesarsky M, Wahanon A, Ronen Z (2014) Ureolysis and MICP with model and native bacteria: implications for treatment strategies. Geotechnical Special Publication, pp 1713–1720. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.168
Gat D, Ronen Z, Tsesarsky M (2016) Soil bacteria population dynamics following stimulation for ureolytic microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation. Environ Sci Technol 50:616–624. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04033
Gebauer D, Gunawidjaja PN, Ko JYP et al (2010) Proto-calcite and proto-vaterite in amorphous calcium carbonates. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:8889–8891. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201003220
Gomez MG, Anderson CM, Dejong JT et al (2014) Stimulating in situ soil bacteria for bio-cementation of sands. Geotechnical Special Publication, pp 1674–1682. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.164
Gomez MG, Anderson CM, Graddy CMR et al (2017) Large-scale comparison of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches for biocementation of sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 143:04016124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001640
Gomez MG, Graddy CMR, DeJong JT et al (2018) Stimulation of native microorganisms for biocementation in samples recovered from field-scale treatment depths. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 144:04017098. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001804
Gower LB (2008) Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev 108:4551–4627. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr800443h
Hao Y, Cheng L, Hao H, Shahin MA (2018) Enhancing fiber/matrix bonding in polypropylene fiber reinforced cementitious composites by microbially induced calcite precipitation. Cem Concr Compos 88:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.01.001
Harkes MP, van Paassen LA, Booster JL et al (2010) Fixation and distribution of bacterial activity in sand to induce carbonate precipitation for ground reinforcement. Ecol Eng 36:112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.01.004
Hasan HAH (2000) Ureolytic microorganisms and soil fertility: a review. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 31:2565–2589. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620009370609
He J, Chen X, Zhang Q, Achal V (2019) More effective immobilization of divalent lead than hexavalent chromium through carbonate mineralization by Staphylococcus epidermidis HJ2. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 140:67–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.03.012
Henze J, Randall DG (2018) Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation at elevated pH values (> 11) using Sporosarcina pasteurii. J Environ Chem Eng 6:5008–5013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.07.046
Holm L, Sander C (1997) An evolutionary treasure: unification of a broad set of amidohydrolases related to urease. Proteins Struct Funct Genet 28:72–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199705)28:1%3c72::AID-PROT7%3e3.0.CO;2-L
Jabri E, Carr MB, Hausinger RP, Karplus PA (1995) The crystal structure of urease from Klebsiella aerogenes. Science (80-) 268:998–1004
Jiang NJ, Yoshioka H, Yamamoto K, Soga K (2016) Ureolytic activities of a urease-producing bacterium and purified urease enzyme in the anoxic condition: implication for subseafloor sand production control by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). Ecol Eng 90:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.073
Jiang NJ, Liu R, Du YJ, Bi YZ (2019) Microbial induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Pb contaminants: toxic effects on bacterial activity and immobilization efficiency. Sci Total Environ 672:722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.294
Jongvivatsakul P, Janprasit K, Nuaklong P, Pungrasmi W (2019) Investigation of the crack healing performance in mortar using microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) method. Constr Build Mater 212:737–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.035
Jonkers HM, Thijssen A, Muyzer G et al (2010) Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete. Ecol Eng 36:230–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036
Kang CH, So JS (2016) Heavy metal and antibiotic resistance of ureolytic bacteria and their immobilization of heavy metals. Ecol Eng 97:304–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.016
Kang CH, Han SH, Shin Y et al (2014) Bioremediation of Cd by microbially induced calcite precipitation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:2907–2915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0737-1
Kang CH, Oh SJ, Shin YJ et al (2015) Bioremediation of lead by ureolytic bacteria isolated from soil at abandoned metal mines in South Korea. Ecol Eng 74:402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.009
Karplus PA, Pearson MA, Hausinger RP (1997) 70 Years of crystalline urease: what have we learned? Acc Chem Res 30:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar960022j
Khadim HJ, Ammar SH, Ebrahim SE (2019) Biomineralization based remediation of cadmium and nickel contaminated wastewater by ureolytic bacteria isolated from barn horses soil. Environ Technol Innov 14:100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100315
Krajewska B (2009) Ureases I. Functional, catalytic and kinetic properties: a review. J Mol Catal B 59:9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.01.003
Krajewska B (2018) Urease-aided calcium carbonate mineralization for engineering applications: a review. J Adv Res 13:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.10.009
Krajewska B, Van Eldik R, Brindell M (2012) Temperature- and pressure-dependent stopped-flow kinetic studies of jack bean urease. Implications for the catalytic mechanism. J Biol Inorg Chem 17:1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-012-0926-8
Kumari D, Pan X, Lee D-J, Achal V (2014) Immobilization of cadmium in soil by microbially induced carbonate precipitation with Exiguobacterium undae at low temperature. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 94:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.07.007
Li C, Yao D, Liu S et al (2018a) Improvement of geomechanical properties of bio-remediated Aeolian sand. Geomicrobiol J 35:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2017.1338798
Li M, Fang C, Kawasaki S et al (2018b) Bio-consolidation of cracks in masonry cement mortars by Acinetobacter sp. SC4 isolated from a karst cave. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.03.008
Lippmann F (1973) Sedimentary carbonate minerals. Springer, Berlin
Liu L, Liu H, Xiao Y et al (2018) Biocementation of calcareous sand using soluble calcium derived from calcareous sand. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77:1781–1791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1106-4
Liu B, Zhu C, Tang CS et al (2020) Bio-remediation of desiccation cracking in clayey soils through microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). Eng Geol 264:105389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105389
Lowenstam HA, Weiner S (1989) On biomineralization. Oxford University Press, New York
Luo M, Qian C (2016) Influences of bacteria-based self-healing agents on cementitious materials hydration kinetics and compressive strength. Constr Build Mater 121:659–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.075
Mahawish A, Bouazza A, Gates WP (2016) Biogrouting coarse materials using soil-lift treatment strategy. Can Geotech J 53:2080–2085
Malviya R, Chaudhary R (2006) Leaching behavior and immobilization of heavy metals in solidified/stabilized products. J Hazard Mater 137:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.056
Minto JM, Tan Q, Lunn RJ et al (2018) ‘Microbial mortar’—restoration of degraded marble structures with microbially induced carbonate precipitation. Constr Build Mater 180:44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.200
Mobley HL, Hausinger RP (1989) Microbial ureases: significance, regulation, and molecular characterization. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 53:85–108
Mortensen BM, Haber MJ, Dejong JT et al (2011) Effects of environmental factors on microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation. J Appl Microbiol 111:338–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05065.x
Mujah D, Shahin MA, Cheng L (2017) State-of-the-art review of biocementation by microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for soil stabilization. Geomicrobiol J 34:524–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2016.1225866
Mujah D, Cheng L, Shahin MA (2019) Microstructural and geomechanical study on biocemented sand for optimization of MICP process. J Mater Civ Eng 31:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002660
Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S (2017) Bioremediation of lead-contaminated mine waste by Pararhodobacter sp. based on the microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation technique and its effects on strength of coarse and fine grained sand. Ecol Eng 109:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.09.011
Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Kawasaki S et al (2019) Efficacy of biocementation of lead mine waste from the Kabwe Mine site evaluated using Pararhodobacter sp. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:15653–15664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04984-8
Nassar MK, Bastani M, Shafei B et al (2018) Large-scale experiments in microbially-induced calcite precipitation (MICP): reactive transport model development and prediction. Water Resour Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021488
Ng W, Lee M, Hii S (2012) An overview of the factors affecting microbial-induced calcite precipitation and its potential application in soil improvement. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 62:723–729
Omoregie AI, Khoshdelnezamiha G, Senian N et al (2017) Experimental optimisation of various cultural conditions on urease activity for isolated Sporosarcina pasteurii strains and evaluation of their biocement potentials. Ecol Eng 109:65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.09.012
Pacheco VL, Decol I, Thomé A. (2018) Análise da resistência de solo arenoso através do ensaio de placa após a aplciação da técnica de biocimentação-Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation. Revista CIATEC-UPF 10(2):27–41
Peng D, Qiao S, Luo Y et al (2020) Performance of microbial induced carbonate precipitation for immobilizing Cd in water and soil. J Hazard Mater 400:123116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123116
Phillips AJ, Lauchnor E, Eldring JJ et al (2013) Potential CO2 leakage reduction through biofilm-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. Environ Sci Technol 47:2–9
Rochette P, Angers DA, Chantigny MH et al (2009a) Reducing ammonia volatilization in a no-till soil by incorporating urea and pig slurry in shallow bands. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 84:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9227-6
Rochette P, MacDonald JD, Angers DA et al (2009b) Banding of urea increased ammonia volatilization in a dry acidic soil. J Environ Qual 38:1383. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0295
Rodriguez-Navarro C, Jroundi F, Schiro M et al (2012) Influence of substrate mineralogy on bacterial mineralization of calcium carbonate: implications for stone conservation. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:4017–4029. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07044-11
Rusznyák A, Akob DM, Nietzsche S et al (2012) Calcite biomineralization by bacterial isolates from the recently discovered Pristine Karstic Herrenberg Cave. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:1157–1167. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.06568-11
Salifu E, MacLachlan E, Iyer KR et al (2016) Application of microbially induced calcite precipitation in erosion mitigation and stabilisation of sandy soil foreshore slopes: a preliminary investigation. Eng Geol 201:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.027
Saneiyan S, Ntarlagiannis D, Ohan J et al (2019) Induced polarization as a monitoring tool for in situ microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) processes. Ecol Eng 127:36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.11.010
Sharaky AM, Mohamed NS, Elmashad ME, Shredah NM (2018) Application of microbial biocementation to improve the physico-mechanical properties of sandy soil. Constr Build Mater 190:861–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.159
Sharma A, Ramkrishnan R (2016) Study on effect of Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates on strength of fine grained soils. Perspect Sci 8:198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.03.017
Shaw WHR, Bordeaux JJ (1955) The decomposition of urea in aqueous media. J Am Chem Soc 77:4729–4733
Simkiss K (1964) Variations in the crystalline form of calcium carbonate precipitated from artificial sea water [15]. Nature 201:492–493
Stocks-Fischer S, Galinat JK, Bang SS (1999) Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1563–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00082-6
Sumner JB, Hand DB (1929) The isoelectric point of crystalline urease1. J Am Chem Soc 51(4):1255–1260
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2014) Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 101:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4
Tobler DJ, Cuthbert MO, Greswell RB et al (2011) Comparison of rates of ureolysis between Sporosarcina pasteurii and an indigenous groundwater community under conditions required to precipitate large volumes of calcite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:3290–3301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.023
Vaira D, Vakil N, Gatta L et al (2010) Accuracy of a new ultrafast rapid urease test to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in 1000 consecutive dyspeptic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31:331–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04196.x
van der Bergh JM, Miljević B, Šovljanski O et al (2020) Preliminary approach to bio-based surface healing of structural repair cement mortars. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118557
van Paassen LA, Ghose R, van der Linden TJM et al (2010) Quantifying biomediated ground improvement by ureolysis: large-scale biogrout experiment. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136:1721–1728. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000382
Venda Oliveira PJ, da Costa MS, Costa JNP, Fernanda Nobre M (2015) Comparison of the ability of two bacteria to improve the behavior of sandy soil. J Mater Civ Eng 27:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001138
Wani KMNS, Mir BA (2019) Effect of biological cementation on the mechanical behaviour of dredged soils with emphasis on micro-structural analysis. Int J Geosynth Ground Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0183-9
Warner RC (1942) The kinetics of the hydrolysis of urea and of arginine. J Biol Chem 142:705–723
Werner EA (1923) The chemistry of urea. Longmans, Green and Co., London
Whiffin VS (2004) Microbial CaCO3 precipitation for the production of biocement. PhD Thesis, pp 1–162. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/399/2/02Whole.pdf. Accessed 8 Sept 2020
Whiffin VS, van Paassen LA, Harkes MP (2007) Microbial carbonate precipitation as a soil improvement technique. Geomicrobiol J 24:417–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450701436505
Wolfenden R, Snider MJ (2001) The depth of chemical time and the power of enzymes as catalysts. Acc Chem Res 34:938–945. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar000058i
Xu J, Wang X (2018) Self-healing of concrete cracks by use of bacteria-containing low alkali cementitious material. Constr Build Mater 167:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.020
Yasuhara H, Neupane D, Hayashi K, Okamura M (2012) Experiments and predictions of physical properties of sand cemented by enzymatically-induced carbonate precipitation. Soils Found 52:539–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.05.011
Zambelli B, Uversky V, Ciurli S (2016). BBA Proteins Proteomics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.008
Zerner B (1991) Recent advances in the chemistry of an old enzyme, urease. Bioorg Chem 19:116–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-2068(91)90048-T
Zhao Q, Li L, Li C et al (2014) J Mater Civ Eng 26:864–870. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533
Zhu X, Li W, Zhan L et al (2016) The large-scale process of microbial carbonate precipitation for nickel remediation from an industrial soil. Environ Pollut 219:149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.047
Zoheir AE, Hammad IA, Talkhan FN (2013) Urease activity and induction of calcium carbonate precipitation by Sporosarcina pasteurii NCIMB 8841. J Appl Sci Res 9:1525–1533
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pacheco, V.L., Bragagnolo, L., Reginatto, C. et al. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP): Review from an Engineering Perspective. Geotech Geol Eng 40, 2379–2396 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-02041-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-02041-1