Abstract
A 12-week experiment was conducted to explore the effects of betaine and/or TMAO on growth, hepatic health, gut microbiota, and serum metabolites in Megalobrama amblycephala fed with high-carbohydrate diets. The diets were as follows: CD group (control diet, 28.5% carbohydrate), HCD group (high-carbohydrate diet, 38.2% carbohydrate), HBD group (betaine-added diet, 38.3% carbohydrate + 1.2% betaine), HTD group (TMAO-added diet, 38.2% carbohydrate + 0.2% TMAO), and HBT group (diet added with both betaine and TMAO, 38.2% carbohydrate + 1.2% betaine + 0.2% TMAO). The results showed that the hepatosomatic index (HSI); whole-body crude fat; hepatic lipid accumulation; messenger RNA expression levels of gk, fpbase, g6pase, ahas, and bcat; serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); ratio of Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes; and abundance of the genus Aeromonas were all significantly increased, while the abundance levels of the genus Lactobacillus and phyla Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes were drastically decreased in the HCD group. Compared with the HCD group, the HSI; whole-body crude fat; hepatic lipid accumulation; expression levels of fbpase, g6pase, pepck, ahas, and bcat; circulating BCAA; ratio of Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes; and abundance levels of the genus Aeromonas and phyla Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly downregulated in the HBD, HTD, and HBT groups. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pk were drastically upregulated in the HBD, HTD, and HBT groups as well as the abundance of Lactobacillus in the HBT group. These results indicated that the supplementation of betaine and/or TMAO in high-carbohydrate diets could affect the hepatic lipid accumulation and glycometabolism of M. amblycephala by promoting glycolysis, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and biosynthesis of BCAA, and mitigating the negative alteration of gut microbiota. Among them, the combination of betaine and TMAO had the best effect.
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This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2662021SCPY002) and Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31401976).
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The authors’ responsibilities were as follows: Wangwang Huang: breeding experiments, formal analysis, data curation, and article writing; Yizhuo Hua: breeding experiments, formal analysis, and data curation; Fan Wang, Jia Xu, Lv Yuan, and Zhao Jing: formal analysis and data curation; Yuhua Zhao: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, and writing and editing; Weimin Wang: conceptualization and methodology.
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Huang, W., Hua, Y., Wang, F. et al. Dietary betaine and/or TMAO affect hepatic lipid accumulation and glycometabolism of Megalobrama amblycephala exposed to a high-carbohydrate diet. Fish Physiol Biochem 50, 59–75 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01160-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01160-7