Abstract
Protected natural areas (PA) are often regarded as areas of high recreational value; thus, many of them are increasingly threatened by tourism development. This has spurred interest in research across socio-economic and biophysical context to respond to the complexity of this global issue. This study applies the DPSIR framework to nature-based tourism development to discuss the cause–effect links and to consider a range of social responses to advance the objective of sustainability of these exceptional areas. Instead of site-perspective, the study builds upon an inductive and Ground theory approach to emphasise the need for (eco)system thinking to identify priorities for actions. The proposed framework delivers the analysis of global and local drivers of change to generate a profound understanding of Triple bottom line impact processes and response implications. The study demonstrates that sustainability of nature-based tourism and resilience of PAs are not possible in the absence of developed institutional capacity, multi-layer management system, monitoring, education and the consent of the community.
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Source Adapted from Kristensen (2004), "The DPSIR Framework", National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark
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Notes
Management plans: NP Kakadu—Australia https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/1f88c5a3-409c-4ed9-9129-ea0aaddd4f33/files/kakadu-management-plan-2016-2026.pdf; NP Yellowstone—USA https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/reyp.htm; NP Plitvice lakes – Croatia https://np-plitvicka-jezera.hr/files/file/NpPlitvice-management-plan.pdf, (accessed 15 June 2017).
Education in National park Plitvice Lakes, https://np-plitvicka-jezera.hr/files/file/dokumenti/Obrazac_PR_RAS_VP_151_2016.pdf, (accessed 25 May 2017).
Publications in National park Kakadu, https://www.environment.gov.au/topics/national-parks/kakadu-national-park/publications, (accessed 15 June 2017).
Grounded theory is introduced as an inductive, comparative methodlogy that provides systematic guidelines for gathering, synthesizing, analysing, and conceptualizing gualitative data for the purpose of theory construction. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/grounded-theory, (30 November 2019).
Most recently adressed as overcrowding in the context of overtoruism.
Smart parks initiative, https://www.smartparks.org/, (10 January 2019).
National parks in UK, https://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/about-us, (7 June 2017).
National park Lake district, https://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/economy-and-employment, (7 June 2017).
National park Plitvice Lakes, Code of conduct, https://np-plitvicka-jezera.hr/planirajte-posjet/pravila-ponasanja/, (7 June 2017).
Considering the proportion of a county's terrestrial and the marine area covered by protected areas where management effectiveness evaluations have been reported as being undertaken, the results are quite discouraging. With the general targets set et 17% of terrestrial and 10% of Marine area, Croatia records 8% and 1%; Italy 1% and 0%; Spain 3% and 0%; France 1% and 0% and Greece 1% and 0%. https://www.protectedplanet.net/target-11-dashboard, (05 December 2019).
Convention of Biological Diversity, https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/rationale/target-11/, (05 December 2019).
Systems thinking is widely believed to be critical in handling the complexity facing the world in the coming decades (Arnold and Wade 2015).
International cooperation and development, environment in EU, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sectors/environment_en, (2 February 2019).
Biodiversity strategy, EU, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/strategy/index_en.htm#stra, (2 February 2019).
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Mandić, A. Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force–pressure–state–impact–response (DPSIR) framework. Environ Syst Decis 40, 560–576 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09759-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09759-y