Abstract
This article describes a study of the environmental impacts of the use of industrial agricultural chemicals in four Asian countries—China, India, the Philippines and Thailand. The objective was to contribute objectively to the discussion on the extent of the problem, past and current damages to the environment to and outline possible paths to sustainable and environmentally benign agriculture. The four countries are experiencing rapid economic growth under a tremendous population growth pressure that, with the exception of China, will continue without leveling of in a foreseeable future. This requires more food production that has been accomplished by the increased use of industrial chemical fertilizers. Although the four countries uses of industrial chemicals vary, the mix of nutrients appears to be imbalanced, resulting in large nitrogen losses into the environment, especially in China. A suggested solution of the problem begins with reducing (China) or maintaining (India, the Philippines, Thailand) average nutrient application levels needed by the crops and includes optimal hybrid agriculture by using organic fertilizers, and fertilizers in the irrigation water already overloaded with nitrogen. There is a need to balance fertilizer N and P applications with the crop needs.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Greenpeace International for sponsoring the initial study on which this paper is based. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers for their time and advice. The findings expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors.
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Novotny, V., Wang, X., Englande, A.J. et al. Comparative assessment of pollution by the use of industrial agricultural fertilizers in four rapidly developing Asian countries. Environ Dev Sustain 12, 491–509 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9207-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-009-9207-2