Abstract
Mancozeb residue estimation was done using second derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy by Shimadzu ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and chlorpyrifos was estimated by QuEChERS technique using GC-FPD. The persistence for chlorpyrifos was carried out at two locations, and for mancozeb, persistence studies were carried out at four locations. Initial deposits of mancozeb on apple fruits ranged from 1.33 to 1.63 mg/kg at the recommended dose and from 2.55 to 3.26 mg/kg at double the recommended dose at all four locations. Chlorpyrifos residues in apple fruits had an initial deposit of 0.94–0.99 mg/kg at recommended dose and 1.75–1.92 mg/kg at double the recommended dose. Mancozeb residues in apple fruit were below the detection limit (BDL) after 20 days at recommended dose and after 25 days at double the recommended dose at two locations, while mancozeb residue at the other two locations and the residues of chlorpyrifos at all locations reached BDL after 15 and 20 days at recommended and double the recommended doses, respectively. Half-life of mancozeb varied from 3.07 to 4.02 days at recommended dose and from 3.30 to 4.32 days at double the recommended dose, whereas chlorpyrifos residues dissipated to half their initial concentration on 2.33–2.35 days at recommended dose and 2.89–2.90 days at double the recommended dose. The soil samples showed no presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb at harvest. The risk assessment revealed that hazard quotient for the intake of mancozeb was in the range of 0.06–0.13% and 0.20–0.44% for rural and urban population, while for the intake of chlorpyrifos, hazard quotient was in the range of 0.10–0.12% for rural population and 0.33–0.38% for urban population, and theoretical maximum dietary intake (9.67 × 10−5 mg/person and 3.18 × 10−4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of mancozeb and 3.22 × 10−5 mg/person and 1.06 × 10−4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of chlorpyrifos) was also found to be less than maximum permissible intake (1.38 mg/kg for mancozeb and 0.60 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos). The results of risk assessment thereby indicated that apple consumption does not pose a risk to human health.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization of the study design and design of the study’s framework along with deriving interpretations of research findings and discussing their implications were performed by Dr. Ajay Sharma, Dr. Jatiender Kumar Dubey and Dr. Sapna Katna. Laboratory analysis was done by Dr. Nisha Devi and Dr. Gaganpreet Singh Brar. Dr. Arvind Kumar and Dr. Shubhra Singh overseed the field work including collection of samples. Dr. Hema Prashad wrote the conclusion section, summarizing the key findings and their implications for agricultural practices. The draft of the manuscript was written by Sakshi Sharma and Pankaj Sharma Istatu. All authors participated in reviewing and proofreading the manuscript.
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Sharma, A., Katna, S., Dubey, J.K. et al. Residue behaviour and health risk assessment of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb in apple fruits and soil. Environ Monit Assess 196, 58 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12203-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12203-8