Abstract
This study aims to remove oxytetracycline (OTC) that harms the ecosystem, with activated carbon (LPAC) obtained from Lemon Pulp (LP). Characterization and properties of LPAC were analyzed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and point of zero charge (pHPZC) analyses. BET surface area, pore volume and pHPZC of LPAC produced by carbonization at 400 °C and activation with KOH at 800 °C were obtained as 1333.01 m2/g, 0.391 cm3/g, and 6.81, respectively. pH, reaction time, initial OTC concentration, and adsorbent amounts were optimized in the adsorption study performed with LPAC with high porosity and micropores. Kinetic evaluation was made with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models and Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin equations are used to investigate their isotherms under reaction equilibrium conditions, and also the results were analyzed by statistical method (ANOVA). In pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models, where the best results were obtained, R2 values were calculated as 0.999 and 0.995, respectively. Maximum OTC removal efficiency was found as 104.22 mg/g. Overall, this research indicates that LPAC for the treatment of water contaminated with antibiotics is environmentally friendly green material.
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Associate Prof. Dr. Yunus Önal for BET analysis, Dr. Aysegül Yücel for XRD and FTIR analysis, and also Assoc. Prof. Hamdi Mıhçıokur for the supply of OTC. The authors would like to thank the Iskenderun Technical University for their financial support.
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This research is partially funded by Iskenderun Technical University (Project Number: 2021LBTP10).
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Alper Solmaz: Conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing — original draft. Mesut Karta: Original draft, formal analysis, data curation, writing — review and editing. Tolga Depci: Supervision, investigation, writing — review and editing. Talip Turna: Investigation, writing — review and editing. Zeynel Abidin Sari: Writing — review and editing.
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Solmaz, A., Karta, M., Depci, T. et al. Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Lemon Pulp for oxytetracycline removal. Environ Monit Assess 195, 797 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11421-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11421-4