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Risk assessment of ionizing radiation and radiological thresholds to compound an environmental baseline for the unconventional gas industry

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Abstract

The exploration of unconventional hydrocarbons may be very effective in promoting economic development and confronting energy crisis around the world. However, the environmental risks associated with this practice might be an impediment if not adequately dimensioned. In this context, naturally occurring radioactive materials and ionizing radiation are sensitive aspects in the unconventional gas industry that may compromise the environmental sustainability of gas production and they should be properly monitored. This paper provides a radioecological assessment of the São Francisco Basin (Brazil) as part of an environmental baseline evaluation regarding the Brazilian potential for exploring its unconventional gas reserves. Eleven and thirteen samples of surface waters and groundwater were analyzed for gross alpha and beta using a gas flow proportional counter. A radiological background range was proposed using the ± 2 Median Absolute Deviation method. Using geoprocessing tools, the annual equivalent doses and lifetime cancer risk indexes were spatialized. Gross alpha and beta background thresholds in surface water ranged from 0.04–0.40 Bq L−1 to 0.17–0.46 Bq L−, respectively. Groundwater radiological background varies from 0.006–0.81 Bq L−1 to 0.06–0.72 Bq L−1 for gross alpha and beta, respectively. All environmental indexes are relatively higher in the south of the basin, probably a direct response to the local volcanic formations. Traçadal fault and local gas seepages might also influence the gross alpha and beta distribution. All samples have radiological indexes below the environmental thresholds, and should remain at acceptable levels with the development of the unconventional gas industry in Brazil.

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Data availability

The minimum dataset generated during this study (necessary to interpret, replicate and build upon the findings reported in the article) is included in this published article (Table 1). Geoprocessing shapefiles and index values may be calculated using the published dataset (Table 1) and are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Studies & Projects Sponsorships (FINEP—01.14.0215.00) for the financial support in this research; to The Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN) for their laboratory assistance; the researcher Luiz Claudio Meira Belo for the valuable discussions, and to the whole R&D GASBRAS project for the technical support.

Funding

The Studies & Projects Sponsorships (FINEP) (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP) financed the GASBRAS (Process n. 01.14.0215.00) / FUSP (n. 3060), within the scope of which this research was developed.

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  1. Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    G. F. C. Lima, D. C. Vasconcelos, C. A. De Carvalho Filho & R. M. Moreira

  2. Department of Transports Engineering, Federal Centre for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30421-169, Brazil

    G. F. C. Lima

  3. Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30421-169, Brazil

    P. H. C. Almeida

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All authors have actively contributed to this paper. Lima, G.F.C worked on writing, field sampling and lab analysis, and discussions; Vasconcelos, D.C. worked on data analysis; De Carvalho Filho C.A and Moreira, R.M. worked on results discussion and a final review; Almeida, P.H.C was responsible for geoprocessing analysis and mapping.

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Lima, G.F.C., Vasconcelos, D.C., De Carvalho Filho, C.A. et al. Risk assessment of ionizing radiation and radiological thresholds to compound an environmental baseline for the unconventional gas industry. Environ Monit Assess 195, 707 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11211-y

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