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Identifying contamination of heavy metals in soils of Peruvian Amazon plain: use of multivariate statistical techniques

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Abstract

The Peruvian Amazon plain has abundant natural resources and is home to great biodiversity, which makes it an area with high economic potential. However, the use of its resources through various activities has contributed to the release of heavy metals (HMs) into its soils, generating severe pollution problems which have mainly affected the health of local populations and their ecosystems. Currently, there are no comprehensive studies that have identified the specific sources of contamination by HMs in the soils of this part of the Peruvian territory. In this sense, this research aims to identify the possible sources of contamination by HMs in the soils of the Peruvian Amazon plain to focus efforts on the establishment of adequate measures for the protection of the health of people and the ecosystem. In the present study, samples of topsoils (0–20 cm depth) and subsoils (100–150 cm depth) were collected for the analysis of 11 HMs (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Be, and Hg) in 48 sites located in four regions of the Peruvian Amazon plain (Loreto, Amazonas, San Martín, and Ucayali), over the year 2019. The enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index were applied to assess contamination levels of HMs. The results indicated that topsoils and subsoils presented a greater enrichment by the elements Be and Pb, and were classified as moderately contaminated. Likewise, the integral analysis of these indexes together with principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, correlation analysis, and coefficient of variation allowed the identification of potential sources of contamination by HMs. As a result, Fe, Co, Zn, Ni, V, and Cr were associated with natural or lithogenic sources (parent material, crude oil deposits, and organic matter decomposition). Hg was attributed to anthropogenic sources (illegal gold mining, atmospheric deposition, and vehicle emissions). Be, Pb, Cu, and Mn originated from natural sources (parent material, crude oil deposits, decomposition of organic matter, and forest fires) and anthropogenic (areas degraded by solid waste, illegal gold mining, agriculture, and hydrocarbons). These findings provide essential information to establish regulations and prevent and control HM contamination in soils of the Peruvian Amazon plain.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

Code availability

The code that supports the findings of this study is available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Institute (INGEMMET) for having provided data on heavy metal concentrations in soils of the Peruvian Amazon plain.

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  1. Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Perú

    José Abel Espinoza-Guillen & Paula Leonor Martinez-Mercado

  2. Departamento Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, Lima, Perú

    Marleni Beatriz Alderete-Malpartida, Jessica Emily Escobar-Mendoza, Ursula Fiorela Navarro-Abarca & Katya Angelot Silva-Castro

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  1. José Abel Espinoza-Guillen
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Contributions

José Abel Espinoza Guillen: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, resources; Marleni Beatriz Alderete Malpartida: methodology, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, resources; Jessica Emily Escobar Mendoza: writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, visualization, resources; Ursula Fiorela Navarro Abarca: writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, visualization, resources; Katya Angelot Silva Castro: writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, visualization, resources; Paula Leonor Martinez Mercado: writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, visualization, resources.

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Correspondence to José Abel Espinoza-Guillen.

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Espinoza-Guillen, J.A., Alderete-Malpartida, M.B., Escobar-Mendoza, J.E. et al. Identifying contamination of heavy metals in soils of Peruvian Amazon plain: use of multivariate statistical techniques. Environ Monit Assess 194, 817 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10494-x

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