Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pollution characteristics, spatial distribution, and source identification of heavy metals in road dust in a central eastern city in China: a comprehensive survey

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Road dust enriched with heavy metals (HMs) is detrimental to ecosystems and human health in urban environments. In this study, it is to explore the concentrations, spatial distribution, contaminated levels, and source identification of six HMs (lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni)) based on 130 road dusts in Xinyang urban area. The results indicated that the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Co were higher than the background values in more than 99% of the samples, and their average concentrations were 15.2, 9.2, 8.6, and 6.3 times the background value, respectively. The spatial distribution of high-value areas for Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni was more similar, which was associated with traffic density near major roads and population and settlement patterns. Co was relatively different from the five elements, which was distributed in the areas of residence, commerce, and industry. Furthermore, the investigated HMs were clearly polluted, with Pb, Zn, Cu, and Co indicating high levels of contamination, while Cr and Ni were moderately polluted. The comprehensive pollution of the six HMs was mostly moderate to heavy in this study. Moreover, three sources of HMs designated by correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were mixed traffic emissions and industrial waste for Cu and Cr; automotive emissions for Pb, Ni, and Zn; and mixed domestic waste and industrial activities for Co, with contributions of 42.3%, 46.4%, and 11.3% via the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model. The multi-factor index for pollution assessment combined with source identification is extremely effective and practical for providing reliable data support and a theoretical reference for pollution monitoring and governance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Adamiec, E. (2017). Chemical fractionation and mobility of traffic-related elements in road environments. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39(6), 1457–1468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, A., Bautista, F., Gutierrez-Ruiz, M., Ceniceros-Gomez, A. E., Cejudo, R., & Goguitchaichvili, A. (2021). Heavy metal pollution of street dust in the largest city of Mexico, sources and health risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08993-4

  • Al-Khashman, O. A. (2007). The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city. Jordan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 29(3), 197–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aminiyan, M. M., Baalousha, M., Mousavi, R., Aminiyan, F. M., Hosseini, H., & Heydariyan, A. (2018). The ecological risk, source identification, and pollution assessment of heavy metals in road dust: A case study in Rafsanjan, SE Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(14), 13382–13395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angulo, E. (1996). The Tomlinson Pollution Load Index applied to heavy metal, ‘Mussel-Watch’ data: A useful index to assess coastal pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 187(1), 19–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourliva, A., Kantiranis, N., Papadopoulou, L., Aidona, E., Christophoridis, C., Kollias, P., Evgenakis, M., & Fytianos, K. (2018). Seasonal and spatial variations of magnetic susceptibility and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in road dusts of Thessaloniki city, Greece: A one-year monitoring period. Science of the Total Environment, 639, 417–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryanin, S. V., & Sorokina, O. A. (2019). Effect of soil properties and environmental factors on chemical compositions of forest soils in the Russian Far East. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(3), 1130–1138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, S., De Miguel, E., & Ordóñez, A. (2011). A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33(2), 103–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Lu, X., & Yang, G. (2012). Sources identification of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi’an Second Ringroad, NW China using multivariate statistical methods. CATENA, 98, 73–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Lu, X., Li, L. Y., & Yang, G. (2013). Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi’an second ring road. NW China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 68(7), 1979–1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CNEMC (China National Environmental Monitoring Centre). (1990). The Soil Element Background Value in China. China Environmental Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, N., Blair, D., Malcolm, H., & Graham, M. (2021). A survey of heavy metal contents of rural and urban roadside dusts: Comparisons at low, medium and high traffic sites in Central Scotland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(6), 7365–7378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui, X., Wang, X., & Liu, B. (2020). The characteristics of heavy metal pollution in surface dust in Tangshan, a heavily industrialized city in North China, and an assessment of associated health risks. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106432

  • Delibašić, Š, Đokić-Kahvedžić, N., Karić, M., Keskin, I., Velispahić, A., Huremović, J., Herceg, K., Selimović, A., Silajdžić, S., Žero, S., Gojak-Salimović, S., Partić, A., & Pašalić, A. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in street dust of federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 27(5), 1296–1308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong, S., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Ma, G., Lu, X., & Li, X. (2020). Concentrations, speciation, and bioavailability of heavy metals in street dust as well as relationships with physiochemcal properties: A case study of Jinan City in East China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(28), 35724–35737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, X., Lu, X., Liu, H., & Qin, Q. (2020). Pollution and source analysis of heavy metal in surface dust from Xi’an university campuses. Environmental Science, 41(8), 3556–3562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, F. M., Lin, Y. S., Wang, H. D., & Xie, H. F. (2011). Source, exposure characteristics and its environmental effect of heavy metals in urban surface dust. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(23), 7301–7310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Håkanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sediment ecological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Lü, B., & Chen, Q. (2021). Magnetic monitoring of topsoil and street dust in Xinyang (China) and their environmental implications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ,193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09407-1

  • Hou, S., Zheng, N., Tang, L., Ji, X., Li, Y., & Hua, X. (2019). Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of human exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb pollution in urban street dust across China between 2009 and 2018. Environment International, 128, 430–437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, B., Zhou, Y., Chang, W., Li, Z., & Zeng, H. (2019). Differential characteristics of heavy metal pollution in road dust and its ecological risk in different function areas of Shenzhen city. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 28(12), 2398–2408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jadoon, W. A., Abdel-Dayem, S., Saqib, Z., Takeda, K., Sakugawa, H., Hussain, M., Shah, G. M., Rehman, W., & Syed, J. H. (2020). Heavy metals in urban dusts from Alexandria and Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt: Implications for human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(2), 2007–2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahandari, A. (2020). Pollution status and human health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in urban dust of 16 cities in Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), 23094–23107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jose, J., & Srimuruganandam, B. (2020). Investigation of road dust characteristics and its associated health risks from an urban environment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(9), 2819–2840.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kara, M. (2020). Assessment of sources and pollution state of trace and toxic elements in street dust in a metropolitan city. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(10), 3213–3229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreider, M. L., Panko, J. M., McAtee, B. L., Sweet, L. I., & Finley, B. L. (2010). Physical and chemical characterization of tire-related particles: Comparison of particles generated using different methodologies. Science of the Total Environment, 408(3), 652–659.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupnova, T. G., Rakova, O. V., Gavrilkina, S. V.,  Antoshkina, E. G., Baranov, E. O., (2020) Road dust trace elements contamination, sources, dispersed composition, and human health risk in Chelyabinsk Russia. Chemosphere 261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127799

  • Larsen, R. K., & Baker, J. E. (2003). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: A comparison of three methods. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(9), 1873–1881.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H.-H., Chen, L.-J., Yu, L., Guo, Z.-B., Shan, C.-Q., Lin, J.-Q., Gu, Y.-G., Yang, Z.-B., Yang, Y.-X., Shao, J.-R., Zhu, X.-M., & Cheng, Z. (2017). Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of human exposure to oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals via urban street dusts from different functional areas in Chengdu, China. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 1076–1084.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X., Shi, D., Yin, N., Pan, H., & Smith, P. (2017). Risk assessment of heavy metals in finer than 63-μm dust particles from various functional areas in Xi’an. China. Air Quality Atmosphere and Health, 10(7), 907–915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X., Wang, L., Li, L. Y., Lei, K., Huang, L., & Kang, D. (2010). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1–3), 744–749.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, R. N., Jadoon, W. A., & Husain, S. Z. (2010). Metal contamination of surface soils of industrial city Sialkot, Pakistan: A multivariate and GIS approach. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32(3), 179–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manno, E., Varrica, D., & Dongarrà, G. (2006). Metal distribution in road dust samples collected in an urban area close to a petrochemical plant at Gela. Sicily. Atmospheric Environment, 40(30), 5929–5941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Men, C., Liu, R., Xu, L., Wang, Q., Guo, L., Miao, Y., & Shen, Z. (2020) Source-specific ecological risk analysis and critical source identification of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121763

  • Miguel, E., Llamas, J., Chacón, E., Berg, T., Larssen, S., Røyset, O., & Vadset, M. (1997). Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: Unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment, 31(17), 2733–2740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, Q., Mirzaei, R., Alipour, M., Bay, A., Ghaderpoori, M., Asadi, A., Fakhri, Y., Sorooshian, A., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2020). The concentration, characteristics, and probabilistic health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in street dust: A case study of Kashan, Iran. Toxin Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1728336

  • Nematollahi, M. J., Dehdaran, S., Moore, F., & Keshavarzi, B. (2021). Potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran: Contamination level, source identification, and ecological-health risk assessment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(1), 485–519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Othman, M., & Latif, M. T. (2020). Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk assessments of urban road dust in Kuala Lumpur City. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(10), 11227–11245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, H., Lu, X., & Lei, K. (2017). A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in urban road dust of Xi’an, China: Contamination, source apportionment and spatial distribution. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 1361–1369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phil-Eze, P. O. (2010). Variability of soil properties related to vegetation cover in a tropical rainforest landscape. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 3(7), 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaram, B. S., Suryawanshi, P. V., Bhanarkar, A. D., & Rao, C. V. C. (2014). Heavy metals contamination in road dust in Delhi city. India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(10), 3929–3938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeghdoust, F.,  Ghanavati, N.,  Nazarpour, A.,  Babaenejad, T., & Watts, M. J. (2020). Hazard, ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Dezful Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05915-5

  • Shahab, A., Zhang, H., Ullah, H., Rashid, A., Rad, S., Li, J., & Xiao, H. (2020). Pollution characteristics and toxicity of potentially toxic elements in road dust of a tourist city, Guilin, China: Ecological and health risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, D., & Lu, X. (2018). Contamination levels levels and source source analysis analysis of heavy heavy metals metals in the finer finer particles particles of urban urban road road dust dust from Xi’an. China. Environmental Science, 39(7), 3126–3133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Ji, J., Yang, Z., Yuan, X., Mao, C., Frost, R. L., & Ayoko, G. A. (2011). Geochemical behavior assessment and apportionment of heavy metal contaminants in the bottom sediments of lower reach of Changjiang River. CATENA, 85(1), 73–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Lu, X., Zhou, X., & Ge, Z. (2020). Source Identification identification and pollution pollution characteristics characteristics of heavy heavy metals metals in suspended suspended particles particles of urban urban road road dust dust from Xingtai City. Environmental Science, 41(7), 3130–3135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srithawirat, T., & Latif, M. T. (2015). Concentration of selected heavy metals in the surface dust of residential buildings in Phitsanulok. Thailand. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(3), 2701–2706.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu. Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39(6), 611–627.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, Z., Chai, M., Cheng, J., Jin, J., Yang, Y., Nie, Z., Huang, Q., & Li, Y. (2017). Contamination and health risks of heavy metals in street dust from a coalmining city in eastern China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 138, 83–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. R., & McLennan, S. M. (1995). The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics, 33(2), 241–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, H., Yang, L., Xia, Z., Ning, S., & Wei, C. (2018). Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in road sediments of Lintong District. Xi’an. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 27(2), 276–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R., & Jeffrey, D. W. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1–4), 566–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., Xia, D., Yu, Y., Jia, J., & Xu, S. (2012). Magnetic records of heavy metal pollution in urban topsoil in Lanzhou. China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(3), 384–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Cai, L. Qs Wang, G Hu, & Chen, L. (2021b) A comprehensive exploration of risk assessment and source quantification of potentially toxic elements in road dust: A case study from a large Cu smelter in central China CATENA 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104930

  • Wang, G., Zhang, S., Xiao, L., Zhong, Q., Li, L., Xu, G., Deng, O., & Pu, Y. (2017b). Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan, China: Spatial distribution, source identification, and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16618–16630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Shen, C., Kang, Y., Deng, Q., & Lin, X. (2020a). Spatial distribution of pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment of exposure to heavy elements in road dust from different functional areas of Zhengzhou. China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(21), 26650–26667.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., Tao, W., Smardon, R. C., Xu, X., & Lu, X. (2017a). Speciation, sources, and risk assessment of heavy metals in suburban vegetable garden soil in Xianyang City, Northwest China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 12(2), 397–407. Wang, J., Huang, Y., & Cheng, X. (2021a). Status, spatial distribution, and health risk assessment of potentially harmful element from road dust in steel industry city, China. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14(4), 1–9.

  • Wang, S., Cai, L. M., Wen, H. H., Luo, J., Wang, Q. S., & Liu, X. (2019). Spatial distribution and source apportionment of heavy metals in soil from a typical county-level city of Guangdong Province, China. Science of the Total Environment, 655, 92–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Liu, E., Lin, Q., Liu, L, Yuan, H. Li, Z. (2020b). Occurrence, sources and health risks of toxic metal (loid)s in road dust from a mega city (Nanjing) in China Environmental Pollution, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114518

  • Xia, D., Wang, B., Yu, Y., Jia, J., Nie, Y., Wang, X., & Xu, S. (2014). Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan — A typical oasis city of Northwestern China. Science of the Total Environment, 485, 83–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Q., Zong, Y., Malik, Z., & Lu, S. (2019). Source identification and risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 26(5), 1359–1378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, C., Li, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2011). Assessing soil heavy metal pollution in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191(1–3), 366–372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yesilkanat, C. M., Kobya, Y., (2021). Spatial characteristics of ecological and health risks of toxic heavy metal pollution from road dust in the Black Sea coast of Turkey Geoderma Regional, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00388

  • Yu, B., Lu, X., Fan, X., Fan, P., Zuo, L., Yang, Y., & Wang, L. (2021). Analyzing environmental risk, source and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in dust of residential area in Xi'an urban area China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111679

  • Zeng, J., Han, G. K. (2020 )Assessment and sources of heavy metals in suspended particulate matter in a tropical catchment, northeast Thailand Journal of Cleaner Production 265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121898

  • Zhang, P., Qin, C., Hong, X., Kang, G., Qin, M., Yang, D., Pang, B., Li, Y., He, J., & Dick, R. P. (2018). Risk assessment and source analysis of soil heavy metal pollution from lower reaches of Yellow River irrigation in China. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 1136–1147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S., Wang, L., Zhang, W., Wang, L., Shi, X., Lu, X., & Li, X. (2019). Pollution assessment and source apportionment of trace metals in urban topsoil of Xi’an City in Northwest China. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(4), 575–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Wu, D., Wang, C., Fu, X., & Wu, G. (2020). Impact of coal power generation on the characteristics and risk of heavy metal pollution in nearby soil. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2020.1787092.

  • Zhao, G., Han, Y., Yan, J., Jiang, L., & Xiang, M. (2015). Studies on the characteristic of four seasons variation in Xinyang City. Journal of Xinyang Normal University Natural Science Edition, 28(4), 529–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, G., Zhang, R., Han, Y., Lü, B., Meng, Y., Wang, S., & Wang, N. (2020). Identifying environmental pollution recorded in street dust using the magnetic method: A case study from central eastern China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(28), 34966–34977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, N., Lu, X., Chao, S., & Xu, X. (2014). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in less than 100 μm particles of street dust from Xining. China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(5), 2319–2327.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the intercollegiate Key Scientific Research Projects of Henan Province (Grant No. 22A610012), the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Xinyang Normal University (Grant No. 2020KYJJ07), the Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of XYNU, the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS (Grant No. SKLLQG2039), and the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection (Grant No. STKF-201928).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Guoyong Zhao and Ronglei Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution (Henan Province), School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Henan, 464000, China

    Guoyong Zhao, Ronglei Zhang, Yan Han, Jianing Meng, Qiang Qiao & Hetan Li

  2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xian, Shanxi, 710054, China

    Guoyong Zhao

Authors
  1. Guoyong Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ronglei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yan Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jianing Meng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Qiang Qiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hetan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Han.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhao, G., Zhang, R., Han, Y. et al. Pollution characteristics, spatial distribution, and source identification of heavy metals in road dust in a central eastern city in China: a comprehensive survey. Environ Monit Assess 193, 796 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09584-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09584-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation