Abstract
This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO42−, SO32−, NO2−-N, NO−3-N, NH+4-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07–3.25) and %Na (37.58–61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80–5.58) values.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali, E. M., & Khairy, H. M. (2016). Environmental assessment of drainage water impacts on water quality and eutrophication level of Lake Idku, Egypt. Environmental Pollution, 216, 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.064.
Anonymous. (2011). Küre Mountains National Park Ecosystem-Based Functional Forest Management Plan Preparation Project 2011 - 2030. T.C. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Park, 468 pages.
APHA. (1998). Standart methods for the ezamination of water and wastewater. 20th edition. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
Azhar, S. C., Aris, A. Z., Yusoff, M. K., Ramli, M. F., & Juahir, H. (2015). Classification of river water quality using multivariate analysis. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.014.
Bakan, G., Özkoç, H. B., Tülek, S., & Cüce, H. (2010). Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(4), 453–462.
Belal, A. A. M., El-Sawy, M. A., & Dar, M. A. (2016). The effect of water quality on the distribution of macro-benthic fauna in Western Lagoon and Timsah Lake, Egypt. I. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.003.
Berndtsson, J. C., & Bengtsson, L. (2006). Influence of different activities on water quality in a small basin. International Journal of River Basin Management, 4(4), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2006.9635298.
Boskidis, I., Gikas, G. D., Pisinaras, V., & Tsihrintzis, V. A. (2010). Spatial and temporal changes of water quality, and SWAT modeling of Vosvozis river basin, North Greece. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 45(11), 1421–1440. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2010.500936.
Dalakoti, H., Mishra, S., Chaudhary, M., & Singal, S. K. (2017). Appraisal of water quality in the lakes of Nainital District through numerical indices and multivariate statistics, India. International Journal of River Basin Management, 16(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1394316.
Das Kangabam, R., & Govindaraju, M. (2017). Anthropogenic activity-induced water quality degradation in the Loktak lake, a Ramsar site in the indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. Environmental Technology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1378267.
Effendi, H. (2016). River water quality preliminary rapid assessment using pollution index. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 562–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.108.
Fan, X., Cui, B., Zhao, H., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, H. (2010). Assessment of river water quality in Pearl River Delta using multivariate statistical techniques. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 1220–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.133.
Faragallah, H. M., Askar, A. I., Okbah, M. A., & Moustafa, H. M. (2009). Physico-chemical characteristics of the open Mediterranean Sea water far about 60 km from Damietta harbor, Egypt. Journal of Ecology and The Natural Environment, 1(5), 106–119.
Horton, R. K. (1965). An index-number system for rating water quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300–306.
Isidoro, D., & Aragüés, R. (2007). River water quality and irrigated agriculture in the Ebro Basin: an overview. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 23(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620601159743.
Kangabam, R. D., Bhoominathan, S. D., Kanagaraj, S., & Govindaraju, M. (2017). Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 2907–2918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4.
Ouyang, Y. (2005). Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis. Water Research, 39(12), 2621–2635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.024.
Ramakrishnaiah, C. R., Sadashivaiah, C., & Ranganna, G. (2009). Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. Journal of Chemistry. Research article., 6, 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/757424.
Rasoloariniaina, J. R. (2017). Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 42(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532.
Ravikumar, P., Mehmood, M. A., & Somashekar, R. K. (2013). Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli lake, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India. Applied Water Science, 3(1), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0077-2.
Rostom, N. G., Shalaby, A. A., Issa, Y. M., & Afifi, A. A. (2017). Evaluation of Mariut Lake water quality using hyperspectral remote sensing and laboratory works. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 20, S39–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2016.11.002.
Sallam, G. A. H., & Elsayed, E. A. (2018). Estimating relations between temperature, relative humidity as independent variables and selected water quality parameters in Lake Manzala, Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.10.002.
Sarkar, A., & Pandey, P. (2015). River water quality modelling using artificial neural network technique. Aquatic Procedia, 4, 1070–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.135.
Şener, Ş., & Güneş, D. (2015). Water quality and hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwaters in Aksu (Isparta) plain. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 21(6), 260–269.
Şener, Ş., Şener, E., & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of the Total Environment, 584–585, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102.
Singh, H., Singh, D., Singh, S. K., & Shukla, D. N. (2017). Assessment of river water quality and ecological diversity through multivariate statistical techniques, and earth observation dataset of rivers Ghaghara and Gandak, India. International Journal of River Basin Management, 15(3), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1300159.
SWQR (2016) Turkey’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Surface Water Quality Regulations. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/08/20160810-9.htm
Taşdemir, M., & Göksu, Z. L. (2001). Some water quality criteria of Asi River (Hatay). Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 18(1) http://www.egejfas.org/egejfas/68354. Accessed 5 July 2018.
Uygan, D., Hakgören, F., & Büyüktaş, D. (2006). Eskişehir Sulama Şebekesinde Drenaj Sularının Kirlenme Durumu ve Sulamada Kullanma Olanaklarının Belirlenmesi. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 19(1), 47–58.
Valeriani, F., Zinnà, L., Vitali, M., Spica, V. R., & Protano, C. (2015). River water quality assessment: comparison between old and new indices in a real scenario from Italy. International Journal of River Basin Management, 13(3), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2015.1012208.
Woli, K. P., Hayakawa, A., Nagumo, T., Imai, H., Ishiwata, T., & Hatano, R. (2008). Assessing the impact of phosphorus cycling on river water P concentration in Hokkaido. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 54(2), 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00243.x.
Zhao, Y., Xia, X. H., Yang, Z. F., & Wang, F. (2012). Assessment of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake using multivariate statistical techniques. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 13, 1213–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mutlu, E. Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses. Environ Monit Assess 191, 335 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7473-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7473-5