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Metals and limnological variables in an urban reservoir: compartmentalization and identification of potential impacted areas

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Abstract

Reservoirs in urban areas are used for different purposes and are liable to different types of pressures that can cause the loss of chemical and biological quality, hence diminishing their ecological, economic, and cultural benefits. Here, a study of surface water heterogeneity was undertaken at the Guarapiranga urban reservoir (São Paulo, Brazil) in order to improve understanding of the structure and functioning of these ecosystems. Sampling was performed during the dry and rainy seasons at 33 sites. Limnological variables and total contents of the metals cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc were analyzed. The risks associated with the metals were evaluated based on the toxicity unit approach. A principal component analysis enabled differentiation of the reservoir into six different areas. Some of the most powerful discriminatory variables (nutrients and metals) showed the existence of anthropogenic impacts on the system. The most strongly affected compartments were located in the following: (1) upstream area, under the influence of the Parelheiros stream, with the highest total phosphorus levels (318 mg L−1) and (2) dam area, with high values for total nitrogen, suspended organic matter, total solids, and pH. The results for the dam compartment were a consequence of substantial urbanization and a longer residence time. Despite high levels of cadmium during the rainy season, no significant potential risk for zooplankton was observed. The data indicated the need to control unauthorized land occupation and to implement adequate sanitation in the Guarapiranga watershed. This research provides information that should assist water resource agencies in the sustainable management of urban reservoirs.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Ecology Department at the Biosciences Institute of the University of São Paulo for technical support. We thank Prof. Dr. Elisabeth de Oliveira and the Fundamental Chemistry Department at the Chemistry Institute of the University of São Paulo for assistance with the ICP-AES analyses. Financial support for this work was provided by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, grant no. 2002/133764) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). J.C. López-Doval received financial support from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 12/16420-6) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (IJCI-2015-23644).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Sciences Program, UNESP, Sorocaba Campus, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Aparecidinha, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18087-180, Brazil

    Sheila Cardoso-Silva & Viviane Moschini-Carlos

  2. Catan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain

    Julio Cesar López-Doval & Marcelo Pompêo

  3. Ecology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Marcelo Pompêo

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  1. Sheila Cardoso-Silva
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  2. Julio Cesar López-Doval
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  3. Viviane Moschini-Carlos
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  4. Marcelo Pompêo
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Correspondence to Sheila Cardoso-Silva.

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Cardoso-Silva, S., López-Doval, J.C., Moschini-Carlos, V. et al. Metals and limnological variables in an urban reservoir: compartmentalization and identification of potential impacted areas. Environ Monit Assess 190, 19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6387-3

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