Abstract
Wastewater pollution in industrial areas is one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metal pollution, especially chromium pollution in wastewater sources from dyeing and tannery has affected the life on earth. This pollution can affect all ecosystems and human health directly or by food chain. Therefore, the determination of chromium in this study is of great importance. Dil Creek is located in the eastern Marmara region and discharges into the Izmit Gulf. This water source is used for irrigation in agriculture and as drinking water for animals. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective method for the speciative direct determination of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in dyeing waste water samples collected from the nearest station to Izmit Gulf of Dil Creek in May 2006 by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been developed. An analysis of a given sample is completed in about 15 min for ICP-AES the method. As the result of the chromium analysis, the limit of quantification (LOQ) for the Cr (III), Cr (VI) and total Cr were founded as 0.0111 ± 0.0002 mg/l (RSD, 1.80%), 0.0592 ± 0.0010 mg/l (RSD, 1.70%) and 0.0703 ± 0.0020 mg/l (RSD, 2.84%) respectively. In addition, the general mathematical formula has been developed to calculate the concentration of Cr(III), which can be applied to any other metal species. The result of Cr (VI) analysis indicated that water quality of Creek was IV. class quality according to the inland water classification. In order to validate the applied method, recovery studies were performed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrle, C. M., Jakubowski, N., & Broekaert, J. A. C. (1997). Speciation of chromium using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to different spectometric detection methods. Spectrochim Acta B, 52, 189.
Bağ, H., Türker, A. R., Lale, M., & Tunçeli, A. (2000). Separation and speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on sepiolite and determination of both species in water by FAAS. Talanta, 51, 895.
Balci, A., & Türkoglu, M. (1993). Heavy metals in sediment from Izmir Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 106.
Bittner, M., & Broekaert, J. A. C. (1998). Speciation of chromium by solid phase extraction coupled to reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 364, 31.
Bobroswski, A., & Zarebski, J. (2000). Catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry of cobalt in the presence of dimethylglyoxime and nitrite at in situ plated lead–copper film electrode. Electroanalysis, 12, 1177.
Bobrowski, A., Bas, B., Dominik, J., Niewiara, E., Szalinska, Vignati, D., et al. (2004). Chromium speciation study in polluted waters using catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry and tangential flow filtration. Talanta, 63, 1003–1012.
Boussemart, M., Van den Berg, C. M. G., & Ghaddaf, M. (1992). The determination of the chromium speciation in sea water using catalytic cathodic stripping voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 262, 103.
Das, A. K., de la Guardia, M., & Cervera, M. G. (2001). Literature survey of on-line elemental speciation in aqueous solutions. Talanta, 55, 1.
Dominquez, O., & Arcos, M. (2002). Simultaneous determination of chromium (VI) and chromium (III) at trace levels by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 470, 241–252.
Elleouet, C., Quentel, F., & Madec, C. (1992). Determination of trace amount of chromium(VI) in water by electrochemical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 257, 301.
El Sokkary, I. H. (1980). Mercury accumulation in fish from the Mediterranean coastal area of Alexandria, Egypt. Ves Journees Etud. Pollt. Cagliari, CIESM, pp. 493.
Gao, Z., & Siow, K. S. (1996). Catalytic-adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of chromium in environmental materials. Electroanalysis, 8, 602.
Gjerde, D. T., Mechra, H., & Krull, I. S., (Eds.) (1991). Trace metal analysis and speciation. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Gijerde, D. T., Wiederin, D. R., Smith, F. G., & Mattson, B. M. L. (1993). Metal speciation by means of microbore columns with direct-injection nebulization by inductively- coupled plasma-atomic emission-spectroscopy. Chromatography, 640, 73.
Golimowski, J., Valenta, P., & Nuernberg, H. W. (1985). Trace determination of chromium in various water types by adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 322, 315.
Ivaldi, J. C., & Tyson, J. F. (1995). Performance evaluation of an axially viewed horizontal inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta, Part B, 1207.
Kot, A., & Namiesnik, J. (2000). The role of speciation in analytical chemistry. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 19, 69.
Kotas, J., & Stasicka, Z. (2000). Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation. Environmental Pollution, 107, 263–283.
Krull, I. S. (Ed.) (1991). Trace metal analysis and speciation. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Makata, F., Hara, S., Matsuo, H., Kumamaru, T., & Matsushita, S. (1985). Analytical Sciences, 1, 157.
Margues, M. J., & Salvador, M.-R. A. (2000). Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 367, 601.
Margues, M. J., Salvador, M.-R. A., & de la Guardia, M. (1998). Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 362, 239.
Method 2007 (1994). Determination of metals and trace elements in water and wastes by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, revision in methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples—Supplement I. USEPA Office of Research and Development, EPA/600/R-94/111.
Paneli, M., Voulgaropoulus, A. V., & Kalcher, K. (1993). The catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of chromium with TTHA and nitrate. Mikrochimica Acta, 110, 205.
Polat, M. (1997). Followed of physico-chemical parameters in river and lake. Water Quality Management Seminar Symposium Book, Ankara.
Posta, J., Alimonti, A., Petrucci, F., & Caroli, S. (1996). On-line separation and preconcentration of chromium species in seawater. Analytica Chimica Acta, 325, 185.
Prasada, R. T., Karthikeyan, S., Vijayalekshmy, B., & Iyer, C. S. P. (1998). Speciative determination of chromium (VI) and chromium (III) using flow-injection online preconcentration and flame atomic-absorption spectrometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 369, 69.
Rao, V. M., & Sastri, M. N. (1982). Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 41, 607.
Riley, C. M., & Rosanske, T. W. (1996). Development and validation of analaytical methods. New York: Elsevier.
Stein, K., & Schwedt, G. (1994). Speciation of chromium in the waste water from a tannery. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 350, 38.
Subramanian, K. S. (1988). Determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) by ammonium pyrrolidinecarbodithioate-methyl isobutyl ketone-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 11.
Subramanian, K. S., & Meranger, J. C. (1979). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 725.
Süren, E., Yılmaz, S., Türkoglu, M., & Kaya, S. (2007). Concentrations of cadmium and lead heavy metals in Dardanelles seawater. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 125, 91.
Swartz, M. E., & Krull, I. S. (1997). Analytical method development and validation. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Tian, X., & Adams, F. C. (1999). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 14, 1567.
Türkoğlu, M., & Parlak, H. (1999). Accumulation and distribution of total chromium in seawater, sediment, and some organisms and its behaviour processes in Izmir Bay (Agean Sea). Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 16, 47–58.
Turkoğlu, M., Parlak, H., & Büyükışık, B. (1992). A comparative study on Crtot concentrations of water, sediments and some benthic organism of zmir. Rapp Comm Int Mer Medit, 33, 86–87.
Vukomanovic, D. V., VanLoon, G. W., Nakatsu, K., & Zoutman, D. E. (1997). Determination of chromium (VI) and (III) by adsorptive stripping voltammetry with pyrocatechol violet. Microchemical Journal, 57, 86.
Wang, J., Lu, J., & Olsen, K. (1992). Measurement of ultratrace levels of chromium by adsorptive–catalytic stripping voltammetry in the presence of cupferron. Analyst, 117, 1913.
Wrobel, K., Lopez de Alba, P. E., & Lopez Martinez, L. (1997). Enhanced spectrophotometric determination of chromium (VI) with diphenylcarbazide using internal standard and derivative spectrophotometry. Talanta, 44, 2136.
Yayıntas, O. T., Yılmaz, S., Turkoglu, M., & Dilgin, Y. (2007). Determination of heavy metal pollution with environmental physicochemical parameters in waste water of Kocabas Stream (Biga, Canakkale, Turkey) by ICP-AES. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 127, 389.
Yigit, N., Colak, E., Ketenoglu, O., Kurt, L., Sözen, M., Hamzaoglu, E., et al. (2002). Environmental effect valuation (CED) (pp. 354–381). Ankara.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oktor, K., Yılmaz, S., Türker, G. et al. Speciative determination of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in dyeing waste water of Dil Creek discharge to Izmit Gulf (Izmit-Kocaeli, Turkey) by ICP-AES. Environ Monit Assess 141, 97–103 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9881-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9881-1