Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluating nematode resistance of grapevine rootstocks based on Xiphinema index reproduction rates in a fast screening assay

  • Published:
European Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

By feeding on grapevine roots, the ectoparasite Xiphinema index transmits grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), causing fanleaf degeneration in the plant. Therefore, rootstock breeding programs are considered a key to resistance to both threats. Previous screening depends on long-lasting inoculation experiments and mainly focuses on evaluating gall formation on the parasitized roots to identify potential resistance in grapevines. Since the roots of grapevine rootstocks resistant to X. index and even those of susceptible cultivars showed no reliable gall formation after parasitism, and further, root thickening was regularly found on non-inoculated control plants, nematode reproduction rates were used to validate rootstock phenotypes regarding susceptibility or resistance to X. index. For our approach, a glass vial assay was performed, and 35 days after inoculation the nematode population was determined by counting juveniles after the extraction. Reproduction rates were high on susceptible rootstock cultivars and decreased the more resistant a cultivar is considered. Besides focusing solely on root gall formation, the nematode reproduction rate should be included as a reliable indicator for resistance screening. The described assay setup enables the evaluation of resistance levels by fast screening to select promising rootstock candidates.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  • Andret-Link, P., Laporte, C., Valat, L., Ritzenthaler, C., Demangeat, G., Vigne, E., et al. (2004). Grapevine fanleaf virus: Still a major threat to the grapevine industry. [review]. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(3), 183–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotten, J. (1973). Feeding behaviour and reproduction of Xiphinema index on some herbaceous test plants. Nematologica, 19, 516–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esmenjaud, D., Van Ghelder, C., Voisin, R., Bordenave, L., Decroocq, S., Bouquet, A., et al. (2010). Host suitability of Vitis and Vitis-Muscadinia material to the nematode Xiphinema index over one to four years. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 61(1), 96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, H., Zheng, L., & Walker, M. A. (2012). Resistance of grape rootstocks to plant-parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 44(4), 377–386.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flegg, J. J. M. (1967). Extraction of Xiphinema and Longidorus species from soil by a modification of Cobb’s decanting and sieving technique. Annals of Applied Biology, 60, 429–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Palomares-Rius, J. E., Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., & Castillo, P. (2011). Host suitability of Vitis rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the dagger nematode Xiphinema index, and plant damage caused by infections. Plant Pathology, 60(3), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02404.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, W. B., Raski, D. J., & Goheen, A. C. (1958). Nematode vector of soil-borne Fanleaf virus of grapevines. Phytopathology, 48(1), 586–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hübschen, J., Kling, L., Ipach, U., Zinkernagel, V., Bosselut, N., Esmenjaud, D., et al. (2004). Validation of the specificity and sensitivity of species-specific primers that provide a reliable molecular diagnostic for Xiphinema diversicaudatum, X. index and X. vuittenezi. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 110, 779–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, C.-F., Xu, K., Hu, R., Zhou, R., Riaz, S., & Walker, M. A. (2010). Cloning and characterization of XiR1, a locus responsible for dagger nematode resistance in grape. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 121(4), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1349-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ipach, U. (2014). Xiphinema index, rearing in greenhouse. In K. Maramorosch & F. Mahmood (Eds.), Rearing Animal and Plant Pathogen Vectors, (pp. 268–271). CRC Press Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.

  • Ipach, U., Kling, L., & Rüdel, M. (2000). Tansmission of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus by Xiphinema index to Different Newly Breed Rootstocks in Greenhouse and Field Trials. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 13th meeting of the International Council for the Study of viruses and virus-like diseases of the grapevine Adalaide, Australia,

  • Kunde, R. M., Lider, L. A., & Schmitt, R. V. (1968). A test of Vitis resistance to Xiphinema index. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 19(1), 30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martelli, G. P., Fuchs, M., & Savino, V. (2015). Nematode-transmitted virus diseases. In W. D. G. W. F. Wilcox & J. K. Uyemoto (Eds.), Compendium of Grape Diseases, Disorders, and Pests (Second ed., pp. 124–127). St. Paul: The American Phytopathological society.

  • Nguyen, V. C., Tandonnet, J. P., Khallouk, S., Van Ghelder, C., Portier, U., Lafargue, M., et al. (2020). Grapevine resistance to the nematode Xiphinema index is durable in Muscadine-derived plants obtained from hardwood cuttings but not from in vitro. Phytopathology, 110(9), 1565–1571. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-20-0008-R.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio, B., Lalanne-Tisne, G., Voisin, R., Tandonnet, J. P., Portier, U., Van Ghelder, C., et al. (2020). Characterization of genetic determinants of the resistance to phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, and the dagger nematode Xiphinema index from muscadine background. BMC Plant Biology, 20(213), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-2310-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rüdel, M., & Kling, L. (1995). Nematoden an Unterlagsreben. Das Deutsche Weinmagazin, 13/14 83–85.

  • Walker, M. A., & Jin, Y. (2000). Breeding Vitis rupestris × Muscadinia rotundifolia rootstocks to control Xiphinema index and fanleaf degeneration. Acta Horticulturae, 528, 511–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weischer, B. (1980). The host-parasite relationships between the vector nematode, Xiphinema index, and some Vitis spp. paper presented at the proceedings of the 7th meeting of the International Council for the Study of viruses and virus-like diseases of the grapevine, Canada.

  • Weischer, B., & Wyss, U. (1976). Feeding behaviour and pathogenicity of Xiphinema index on grapevine roots. Nematologica, 22, 319–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winterhagen, P., Brendel, G., Krczal, G., & Reustle, G. M. (2007). Development of an in vitro dual culture system for grapevine and Xiphinema index as a tool for virus transmission. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, K., Riaz, S., Roncoroni, N. C., Jin, Y., Hu, R., Zhou, R., & Walker, M. A. (2008). Genetic and QTL analysis of resistance to Xiphinema index in a grapevine cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 116(2), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0670-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Brigitte Helmstätter and Lilo Kling for their contribution to the overall assay maintenance; moreover, Oliver Trapp (Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Siebeldingen) and Matthias Zink for providing plant material. This work is part of the joint project MureViU funded by the Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Plant Protection, DLR Rheinpfalz, Neustadt a. d. Weinstr., Germany

    J. Schurig, U. Ipach & P. Winterhagen

  2. Division of Phytopathology, Faculty of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

    M. Hahn

Authors
  1. J. Schurig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. U. Ipach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Hahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Winterhagen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Winterhagen.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Authors followed publication ethics and standards of good scientific practice as described in the COPE guidelines for Ethical Responsibilities of Authors. Authors mentioned in the manuscript have agreed for authorship, read and approved the manuscript, and given consent for submission and subsequent publication of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schurig, J., Ipach, U., Hahn, M. et al. Evaluating nematode resistance of grapevine rootstocks based on Xiphinema index reproduction rates in a fast screening assay. Eur J Plant Pathol 160, 233–238 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02227-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02227-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation